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2.1 T2: Sensory inputs and motor outputs > T2 L5: Autonomic pathways > Flashcards

T2 L5: Autonomic pathways Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main autonomic centre?

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

What do descending fibres innervate in the brainstem?

A

The parasympathetic cranial nerve nuclei and critical autonomic centres in the ventrolateral medulla

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3
Q

What do descending fibres innervate in the spinal cord?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurones in the lateral horns

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4
Q

What structures make up the limbic system?

A

The amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus

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5
Q

What is the limbic system for?

A

Responsible for involuntary responses like emotions, blushing, and pallor

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6
Q

Where do the sympathetic components of the autonomic NS originate from?

A

From the thoracic spinal cord and L1 and L2 (T1-L2)

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7
Q

Where do the parasympathetic components of the autonomic NS originate from?

A

The brainstem and S2,S3, and S4 of the spinal cord

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8
Q

What type of autonomic circuit does not form a disynaptic pathway?

A

Sympathetic supply to the adrenal medulla

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9
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter found in autonomic ganglia?

A

Acetylcholine

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10
Q

What type of receptor does ACh bind to?

A

Nicotinic

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11
Q

How does ACh work to depolarise neurones?

A

Through ionotropic ligand-gated binding. It’s a fast process where ACh binds and opens the pore which depolarises the neuron

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12
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter in postganglionic sympathetic neurones?

A

Noradrenaline

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13
Q

What is the only area in the body that uses ACh in it’s sympathetic neurones?

A

Sweat glands

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14
Q

How does noradrenaline depolarise neurones?

A

Through metabotropic G-protein coupled slow depolarisation

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15
Q

Where are alpha-1 receptors found?

A

On blood vessels

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16
Q

Where are beta-1 receptors found?

A

On the heart

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17
Q

Where are beta-2 receptors found?

A

On the bronchi of the lungs

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18
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter within the adrenal medulla?

A

ACh

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19
Q

On which cells in the adrenal medulla are nicotinic receptors found?

A

Chromaffin cells

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20
Q

What is atropine used for?

A

Treat bradycardia, dilate pupils, reduce glandular secretions….

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21
Q

Which is faster, Metabotropic G-protein coupled release or Ionotropic ligand-gated release?

A

Ionotropic ligand-gated release

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22
Q

What effect does sympathetic NS have abdomino-pelvic viscera?

A

Inhibits peristalsis and stimulates glucagon

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23
Q

Through which structure do sympathetic preganglionic fibres enter the sympathetic trunk?

A

Through the white rami communicantes

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24
Q

What are splanchnic nerves?

A

They don’t synapse in the sympathetic trunk

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25
Q

What is the ratio of preganglionic neurones to postganglionic neurones?

A

1:20

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26
Q

What are the 2 ways that neurones can leave the sympathetic trunk?

A

Through the grey rami communicantes back into spinal nerves (periphery) or they can leave via the medial plexus (viscera)

27
Q

Which parts of the body does cervical ganglia supply?

A

The head, upper limbs, and the heart

28
Q

What are the 3 divisions of cervical ganglia?

A

Super, middle, and inferior

29
Q

Where is the stellate ganglion?

A

It’s fused to the inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia

30
Q

What is the clinical significance of the stellate ganglia in terms of pain?

A

Blocking it is treatment for chronic pain

31
Q

How do postganglionic sympathetic fibres get to the heart?

A

They piggyback along the common carotid artery towards the heart

32
Q

How do postganglionic sympathetic fibres get to the head?

A

They piggyback up the internal/external carotid arteries towards the head

33
Q

What does the internal carotid plexus supply?

A

The eyes (dilates pupils and raises eyelids) and the lacrimal gland (inhibits secretions)

34
Q

What does the external carotid plexus supply?

A

The submandibular and parotid gland (inhibits secretions)

35
Q

What causes Horners syndrome and what are the signs?

A

It’s caused by a disruption of sympathetic supply to the head and includes signs like miosis, ptosis, and anhidrosis

36
Q

What does Miosis mean?

A

Excessive constriction of the pupil

37
Q

What does Ptosis mean?

A

Drooping of the eyelid

38
Q

What does Anhidrosis mean?

A

Lack of sweating

39
Q

What can cause Horner’s syndrome?

A

Lesions within the brainstem/cervical spinal cord Eg. with Multiple sclerosis

40
Q

What parts of the body do the thoracic ganglia supply?

A

Thorax, heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera

41
Q

What are the 3 divisions of thoracic splanchnic nerves?

A

Greater, lesser, and least

42
Q

What do the lumbar ganglia supply?

A

The abdominal viscera and lower limbs

43
Q

What does sacral ganglia supply?

A

The pelvis and lower limbs

44
Q

How do preganglionic lumbar sympathetic fibres exit?

A

Lumbar splanchnic nerves go to abdomen and synapse in the prevertebral ganglia

45
Q

Where in the body does parasympathetic nervous supply have an effect of blood vessels?

A

In male erectile tissue

46
Q

What nucleus does the oculomotor nerve (CN3) originate from?

A

The Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the midbrain

47
Q

What nucleus does the facial nerve (CN7) originate from?

A

The superior salivatory nucleus in the pons

48
Q

What nucleus does the Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN9) originate from?

A

The inferior salivatary nucleus found in the pons

49
Q

What nucleus does the Vagus nerve (CN10) originate from?

A

From the nuclues ambiguous and the dorsal motor nucleus in the medulla

50
Q

How do cranial parasympathetic preganglionic axons get into the cranium?

A

They pass through cranial nerves to ganglia

51
Q

Which ganglia provides information to the lacrimal gland?

A

The Pterygopalatine ganglia

52
Q

Which ganglia provides information to the parotid gland?

A

The Otic ganglion

53
Q

Which ganglion provides information for the submandibular gland?

A

The Submandibular ganglion

54
Q

Which ganglion provides information for the sphincter pupillae to contract pupils?

A

The Ciliary ganglion

55
Q

What organs does the vagus nerve pass on?

A

The heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera

56
Q

What functions do sacral parasympathetic nerves provide?

A
  • Contraction of the bladder wall for urination and inhibition of the bladder sphincter
  • Inhibition of the rectal sphincter to allow for defecation
  • vasodilation in erectile tissues
57
Q

What effect does parasympathetic nervous supply have on male erectile tissues?

A

Erection

58
Q

What effect does sympathetic nervous supply have on male erectile tissues?

A

Ejaculation

59
Q

What are the 2 complexes in the enteric nervous system?

A

Auerbach’s and Meissner’s

60
Q

Where is the Auerbach’s plexus and what does it do?

A

Found between the longitudinal and circular layer of muscle in the intestines. It regulates muscle contraction

61
Q

Where is the Meissner’s plexus and what does it do?

A

Found between the circular muscle and mucosa layer. It regulates glandular contraction

62
Q

Which type of nervous system can be described as truly autonomic and why?

A

The enteric nervous system because you could remove it and it would still contract and secrete

63
Q

What do afferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system do?

A

They convey sensory information to autonomic centres via dorsal roots into the spinal cord and via CN9 and CN10 into the brainstem

2.1 T2: Sensory inputs and motor outputs (14 decks)

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