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2.1 T2: Sensory inputs and motor outputs > T2 L2: Ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord > Flashcards

T2 L2: Ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

What is found at the dorsal horn of grey matter?

A

Neurones receiving sensory input

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2
Q

What is found at the lateral horn of grey matter?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic neurones of the thorax only

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3
Q

What if found at the ventral horn of grey matter?

A

Motor neuronal cell bodies

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4
Q

What type of neurone is found between/within levels of the spinal chord

A

Interneurons

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5
Q

What is meant by tracts?

A

Axons travelling up or down in the spinal chord

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6
Q

What type of sensory information do ascending tracts carry?

A

Afferent (sensory) impulses to the centres within the brain

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7
Q

What type of sensory information do descending tracts carry?

A

Efferent (motor) impulses from centres within the brain

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8
Q

What type of tracts does the dorsal column contain?

A

Ascending tracts

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9
Q

What type of tracts does the lateral column contain?

A

Descending and ascending tracts

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10
Q

What type of tracts does the ventral column contain?

A

Descending tracts

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11
Q

What is proprioceptive information?

A

Originating from within the body Eg, muscles, joints, tendons

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12
Q

What is Exteroceptive information?

A

Originating from outside the body Eg, pain, temperature, tough

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13
Q

What 2 types of information do ascending tracts carry?

A

Proprioceptive and exteroceptive sensory

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14
Q

Which neuron of an ascending circuit enters the spinal cord via the dorsal root?

A

The first order (primary sensory) neuron

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15
Q

Which neuron out of an ascending circuit ascends the spinal cord or brainstem?

A

The second order neuron

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16
Q

Which neuron out of an ascending circuit projects into the cortex?

A

The third order neuron

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17
Q

What do cutaneous mechanoreceptors detect?

A

Fine tough/ vibration

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18
Q

What do muscle spindles detect?

A

Stretch. They tell the brain how much and how fast a muscle is lengthened or shortened. Proprioception

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19
Q

What do Golgi tendon organs detect?

A

Tension on the muscle. Proprioception

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20
Q

Where is the Fasciculus gracilis?

A

It’s medial

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21
Q

What is the DCML pathway?

A

The Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway. It’s a sensory pathway of the central nervous system that conveys sensations of fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, and proprioception (position) from the skin and joints.

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22
Q

Where is the Fasciculus cuneatus?

A

It’s lateral

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23
Q

What do first-order neurones do when they reach the spinal cord in the DCML pathway?

A

They ascend the dorsal column

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24
Q

What is the difference between fasciculus Gracilis and Cuneatus?

A

Cuneatus is associated with higher extremities and Gracilis is to do with the lower. There is no Fasciculus below the mid-thoracic spinal cord

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25
Q

Where do first-order neurones synapse in the DCML pathway?

A

On second-order neurones in the medulla

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26
Q

Where does Fasciculus Gracilis terminate?

A

In the nucleus Gracilis (Gracile) found on the Gracile tubercle in the medulla

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27
Q

Where does Fasciculus Cuneatus terminate?

A

In the nucleus Cunteatus (Cuneate) found on the Cuneate tubercle in the medulla

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28
Q

Where do second-order neurones cross in the DCML pathway?

A

In the thalamus and then ascend to the thalamus

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29
Q

What is the medial lemniscus?

A

The area where the second-order neurones cross before they reach the cortex

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30
Q

Where do third-order neurones project?

A

From the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex

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31
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

An autoimmune disease that causes destruction of the brain and nerves

32
Q

What is sensory ataxia?

A

Loss of coordination and balance due to lack of proprioceptive input

33
Q

What is Romberg’s sign?

A

Severe swaying on standing with eyes closed and feet together

34
Q

What does a lesion on one side of the dorsal column of the DCML pathway of the spinal cord cause?

A

Loss of tactile discrimination and proprioception on the same side

35
Q

What is the Spinothalamic tract for?

A

Pain from nociceptors, temperature, and course non-discriminative touch

36
Q

What happens to first-order neurones when they reach the spinal cord in the Spinothalamic tract?

A

They enter the dorsal horn and form the tract of Lissauer

37
Q

Where do first-order neurones in the Spinothalamic tract synapse?

A

In the dorsal horn with second-order neurones

38
Q

Where do second-order neurones of the Spinothalamic tract cross?

A

In the dorsal horn at each level

39
Q

Where do second-order neurones ascend in the Spinothalamic tract?

A

In the anterolateral column towards the thalamus

40
Q

Information from which limbs is carried in the lateral anterolateral column in the Spinothalamic tract?

A

Fibres from the lower limbs

41
Q

Information from which limbs is carried in the medial anterolateral column in the Spinothalamic tract?

A

Fibres from the medial tract (lower limbs)

42
Q

What are the side effects of damage to the anterolateral column by a lesion on one side of the spinal cord?

A

Loss of pain, temperature sensation and crude touch on the opposite side

43
Q

What would the symptoms of outer tract injury in the anterolateral column cause?

A

Loss of lower limb pain first because the fibres sit laterally

44
Q

Which part of the anterolateral column would a herniated disk affect?

A

The outer tract

45
Q

What would the symptoms of inner tract injury in the anterolateral column cause?

A

Loss of upper limb pain because the fibres sit medially

46
Q

Which part of the anterolateral column would be injured with a grey matter tumour?

A

The medial part

47
Q

What are the spinocerebellar tracts for?

A

Unconscious muscle proprioception from muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs. Its all for smooth motor coordination

48
Q

Describe the structure of spinocerebellar tracts

A

Has 2 neurones in the pathway. Comprises of 4 tracts that don’t cross at any point

49
Q

In which spinocerebellar tracts is information from the trunk and lower limbs carried?

A

In the ventral and dorsal spinocerebellar tracts

50
Q

In which spinocerebellar tracts is information from the upper limbs carried?

A

Rostral spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts

51
Q

Where do first-order neurones from the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts synapse?

A

In the dorsal horn

52
Q

Which column do second-order spinocerebellar neurones ascend on?

A

The lateral column to the cerebellum

53
Q

Where is the lesion when someone has uncoordinated lower limb muscular activity on the same side?

A

A lesion on the same side found in the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts

54
Q

What is the corticospinal tract for?

A

For voluntary motor movement

55
Q

Describe the structure of a corticospinal tract pathway

A

A pyramidal tract formed of 2 neurones

56
Q

Where do the upper motor neurones in the corticospinal tract synapse?

A

In the ventral horn

57
Q

Where do the lower motor neurones from the corticospinal tracts synapse?

A

In the skeletal muscle

58
Q

Why are pyramidal tracts called that?

A

Because they pass through the pyramids of the medulla

59
Q

What is the pathway of pyramidal tracts from the primary motor cortex to the pyramids of the medull?

A

Primary motor cortex - internal capsule - cerebral peduncle - pons - pyramids of medulla

60
Q

What is a motor homunculus?

A

A topographic representation of the body parts and its correspondents along the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

61
Q

Describe what happens at the pyramids of decussation

A

Within the pyramids of the medulla, the nerve fibres decussate (cross). 80% cross the midline and become the lateral corticospinal tract. 20% remain on the same side and become the anterior corticospinal tract

62
Q

What is upper motor neurone disease?

A

The degradation of upper motor neurones that causes spastic paralysis (increased muscle tone), overactive tendon reflexes but significant muscle atrophy

63
Q

Why does upper motor neurone disease not cause muscle atrophy?

A

Because there are still lower motor neurones that provide what is needed for the muscles to survive

64
Q

What is lower motor neurone disease?

A

The degradation of lower motor neurones that causes flaccid paralysis (no muscle tone), no tendon reflexes and muscle atrophy

65
Q

What is spinal muscular atrophy?

A

A genetic condition that makes the muscles weaker and causes problems with movement.

66
Q

What is Guillain-Barre syndomre?

A

An autoimmune disorder that causes damage to the nerves, causing muscle weakness and sometimes paralysis. It involves degradation of myelin

67
Q

What is Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

A

A genetic disease that selectively affects lower and upper motor neurones and destroys them but keeps the mind intact. Causes a short life-span due to respiratory failure

68
Q

What are Bulbar signs?

A

Speech and swallowing difficulties associated with cranial nerves

69
Q

Where do Rubrospinal extrapyramidal tracts originate from?

A

From the red nucleus in the midbrain

70
Q

Where do Reticulospinal extrapyramidal tracts originate from?

A

From the reticular formation in the pons

71
Q

Where do Vestibulospinal extrapyramidal tracts originate from?

A

From the vestibular nuclei in the medulla

72
Q

What are extrapyramidal tracts important for?

A

For maintaining posture and regulating involuntary movements

73
Q

What are the symptoms of extrapyramidal tract lesions?

A

Movement disorders

74
Q

What is Dyskinesia?

A

Involuntary muscle movements

75
Q

What is Dystonia?

A

Involuntary muscle contractions

2.1 T2: Sensory inputs and motor outputs (14 decks)

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