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Pharmaceutics > T1 - Week 3 > Flashcards

T1 - Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a solution?

A

Homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances

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2
Q

What does homogenous mean?

A

Parts are identical to which mixture is uniform

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3
Q

What is binary solution comprised of?

A

Solute and solvent

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4
Q

What is an oral solution for?

A

Taken by mouth, solvent

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5
Q

What is a topical solution for?

A

Application to skin or mucous membrane, aqueous or alcoholic

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6
Q

What is a otic solutions for?

A

Ear, usually not aqueous

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7
Q

What are ophthalmic solutions for?

A

Eye, free of particles, sterile

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8
Q

What is parenteral solutions for?

A

For injection IV, IM, or SQ, free of particles, isotonic, sterile

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9
Q

What are the advantages of solution dosage forms?

A
  1. Faster onset activity
  2. Good for the children and elderly
  3. Homogenous
  4. Flexible dosing and given by any route of administration
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10
Q

What are the disadvantages of solution dosage forms?

A
  1. Bulkiness
  2. Leakage from container
  3. Less stability than solid dosage forms
  4. More pronounced taste
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11
Q

What is Molarity (M)?

A

moles/1L

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12
Q

What is Normality (N)?

A

mEq/mL or E/L

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13
Q

What is Molality (m)?

A

moles/kg

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14
Q

What is mole fraction (X)?

A

Ratio of the mole of 1 constituent of a solution to the total moles of all constituents

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15
Q

What is mg%?

A

mg/100mL

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16
Q

What is % w/w?

A

g/100g

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17
Q

What is % v/v?

A

mL/100mL

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18
Q

What is % w/v?

A

g/100mL

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19
Q

What is mg/dL?

A

mg/100mL

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20
Q

What is Osmolality?

A

mOsmol/kg

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21
Q

What is Osmolarity?

A

mOsmol/L

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22
Q

Which concentration expressions are temperature-independent?

A

Molality and Osmolality

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23
Q

What is the definition of isosmotic?

A

Two solutions that have the same osmotic pressure

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24
Q

What does it mean to be isotonic?

A

A solution having the same osmotic pressure as a specific body fluid

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25
Q

What does is mean to be hypotonic?

A

A solution having a lower osmotic pressure as a specific body fluid

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26
Q

What happens to a cell in an hypotonic solution?

A

Lysis (burst)

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27
Q

What does it mean to be hypertonic?

A

A solution having a higher osmotic pressure as a specific body fluid

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28
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

Crenation (shrink)

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29
Q

Why is it important to administer isotonic solutions in a patient?

A

Maintains the homeostatic qualities of the body’s intracellular fluids

30
Q

In what instances is hypertonic solutions used for patients?

A

To draw fluids out of edematous tissues and into administered solutions

31
Q

What are the properties of an ideal solution when components are mixed?

A
  1. No heat is given off or taken in?
  2. Volume does not shrink or expand
  3. Final volume is the sum of the component volumes
32
Q

Explain Raoult’s Law

A

Vapor pressure of each volatile constituents is equal to the vapor presure of the pure constituents multiplied by the mole fraction of the solution

33
Q

What is a real solution?

A

Solutions for which changes in the physical properties when constituents are mixed

34
Q

What is the difference between ideal and real solutions?

A
  1. Ideal show linear relationships for Raoult’s law, Real shows curves
  2. Ideal solutions have no change, real does
35
Q

When would Raoult’s law curve upward?

A

When cohesive forces predominate, Alcohol/Water

36
Q

When would Raoult’s law curve downward?

A

When adhesive forces predominate, HCl/Water, reduction is volume

37
Q

When would real solutions behave like ideal solutions?

A

Solutions that are aqueous with low % of volatile solutes

38
Q

What are the properties of a non-electrolytes in a nonaqueous solution?

A

Behaves as an ideal solution

39
Q

What are the properties of a non-electrolytes in an aqueous solution?

A
  1. Don’t conduct current
  2. No ions present
  3. Exhibit regular colligative properties
  4. Sugars, alcohols, acetimide, acetone, glycerin
40
Q

What are the properties of a strong electrolytes in a nonaqueous solution?

A

Forms ion pairs

41
Q

What are the properties of a strong electrolytes in an an aqueous solution?

A
  1. Conduct strong current
  2. Totally ionized
  3. Exhibit irregular colligative properties (based on number of ions)
  4. Mineral acids, strong bases, all salts: HCl, NaOH, NaCl, KOH, KCl, KAc
42
Q

What are the properties of a weak electrolytes in a nonaqueous solution?

A

Behave as an ideal solution

43
Q

What are the properties of a weak electrolytes in an an aqueous solution?

A
  1. Weak current
  2. Partially ionized
  3. Colligative properties based on ionization
  4. Weak acids, weak bases, HOAc, NH4OH, Benzoic acid, atropine
44
Q

What are the colligative properties?

A
  1. Osmotic Pressure
  2. Vapor Pressure Lowering
  3. Freezing Point Depression
  4. Boiling Point Elevation
45
Q

What is osmosis?

A

When a solvent passes through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute to a high concentration until both sides are equalized

46
Q

What type of pressure is responsible for the movement of water?

A

Osmotic pressure

47
Q

What is the difference between nonelectrolytes and electrolytes in regards to osmotic pressure?

A
  1. Nonelectrolytes: Solution contains only molecules, OP varies with concentration of the solute
  2. Electrolytes: Solution contains ions and OP varies with both concentration of solute and degree of dissociation
48
Q

What happens when there is a great number of particles that has been dissociated?

A

Greater osmotic pressure

49
Q

How much of water is in an adult?

A
  1. 40% intracellular
  2. 15% intercellular
  3. 5% extracellular
50
Q

Construct the phase diagram

A
51
Q

What is the osmotic pressure of biological fluids?

A

6.5atm (0C), 7.6 atm (38C)

52
Q

What is the vapor pressure lowering of biological fluids?

A

0.12atm at 100C

53
Q

What is freezing point depression of biological fluids?

A

0.52C

54
Q

What is the boiling point elevation of biological fluids?

A

0.15C (100C)

55
Q

What is the serum osmolality of biological fluids?

A

290-310mOsmol/kg

56
Q

What is the osmolarity of biological fluids?

A

308mOsmol/L

57
Q

How is distribution of fluids in the body modeled?

A

Compartment where plasma is separated from intercellular fluid

58
Q

How is compartmental balance maintained?

A

Blood pressure and osmosis

59
Q

Describe how water moves throughout the body?

A
  1. BP forces liquid into the extracellular compartment (artery)
  2. Water enters capillary from extracellular space (vein)
  3. Colloidal oncotic pressure is 22mmHg
60
Q

What happens if serum mOsmol is 320?

A

Weakness

61
Q

What happens if serum mOsmol is 330?

A

Fainting and CNS changes

62
Q

What happens if serum mOsmol is 300+/-?

A

Normal

63
Q

What happens if serum mOsmol is 250?

A

Weakness

64
Q

What happens if serum mOsmol is 233?

A

Seizures, coma

65
Q

What is freezing point of blood serum and lacrimal fluid?

A

-0.52C

66
Q

Which will dissociate in a solution non-electrolytes or electrolytes?

A

Electrolytes

67
Q

What does it mean to have a greater dissociation?

A

The smaller the quantity required to produce a given osmotic pressure

68
Q

What is the dissociation factor of NaCl?

A

1.8

69
Q

What is the dissociation factor of boric acid?

A

1.0

70
Q

What is the molecular weight for NaCl?

A

58.5g/mole

71
Q

What is the relationship between freezing point and dissociation factor?

A

As dissociation increases, freezing point will decrease (become more negative)

Pharmaceutics (27 decks)

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