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Pharmaceutics > T1 - Final Exam: Lounsbury > Flashcards

T1 - Final Exam: Lounsbury Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between intramolecular and intermolecular forces?

A

Intra: within a molecule
Inter: between molecules

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2
Q

What is van der Waal interactions?

A

Weak forces that involve the dispersion of charge across a molecule called a dipole

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3
Q

What is a dipole-dipole force?

A

Keesom, when permanent dipoles of polar molecules with partial positive and negative charges interact

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4
Q

What is dipole induced dipole force?

A

Debye, When one molecule with a permanent dipole repels electrons of another molecule creating a temporary dipole

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5
Q

What is induced dipole induced dipole force?

A

London, Internal vibrations in nonpolar molecules produce attraction causing synchronized fluctuating dipoles in neighboring atoms, causes asymmetry

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6
Q

What is hydrogen bonding?

A

An interaction between a molecule containing a hydrogen atom (donor) and a strongly electronegative atom such as fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen (acceptor)

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7
Q

What is ion dipole?

A

Interaction between a polar molecule and an positive or negative charged molecule

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8
Q

What is ion induced dipole?

A

A nonpolar molecule may be polarized by an electron cloud of an ion and the induced may make a bond with the ion

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9
Q

What is a crystalline solid?

A

Molecules, atoms, or ions arranged in a repetitive 3D lattice unit

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10
Q

What is the difference between homomeric and heteromeric crystals?

A

Homo: identical molecules
Hetero: more than one type of molecule

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11
Q

What is the difference between hydrates and anhydrous?

A

Hydrates are less soluble in water or aqueous mixtures than anhydrous forms

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12
Q

What is an amorphous?

A

Particles that are not organized in a definite lattice pattern

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13
Q

What is a eutectic system?

A

A homogenous mixture of substances that can liquify at room temperature lower than the melting point of any of the constituents

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14
Q

How do you make a buffer solution?

A
  1. Determine optimal pH for product
  2. Select weak acid or base with a pKa near desired pH
  3. HH equation to find desired pH
  4. Find desired buffer capacity
  5. Find buffer capacity using VS equation
  6. Determine pH and buffer capacity using reliable pH meter or paper
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15
Q

What is the purpose of buffers in drugs?

A
  1. To control pH of the formulated product
  2. Enhance solubility of drug in the formulated product and stability of products
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16
Q

How doe particle size affect solubility?

A

As particles become smaller, the SA increases increasing solubility

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17
Q

What is the difference between ionizable and non ionizable solutes?

A

Ion: Weak acids and bases have ionizable groups that make them more soluble
Non: pH has little effect on the solubility

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18
Q

How do weak acids react to a changing pH?

A

Solubility increases as pH reaches above the pKa

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19
Q

How do weak bases react to a changing pH?

A

Solubility decrease as pH is higher than the pKa

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20
Q

What is comminution?

A

Using mechanical stress to reduce particle size

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21
Q

What is micronization/nanonization?

A

Reducing particle size to micron level with nanonization tech

Increase the surface area of lipophilic drugs improving solubility

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22
Q

What are factors that are proportional to dissolution rate?

A
  1. Drug solubility
  2. Surface area of particle
  3. Concentration gradient of drug between diffusion layer and bulk solution
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23
Q

What are the factors that are inversely proportional to dissolution rate?

A
  1. Thickness of diffusion layer around drug
  2. Volume of solution
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24
Q

What are the factors that affect dissolution rate of solid dosage forms?

A
  1. Physiochemical properties of drugs
  2. Drug product formulation and dosage form
  3. Manufacturing processes
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25
Q

What are the physiochemical properties of drugs that affect dissolution rate?

A
  1. Solubility
  2. Particle Size
  3. Solid phase
  4. Salt formation
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26
Q

What are the drug product formulation and dosage form that affect dissolution rate?

A
  1. Powders, granules, tablets, capsules
  2. Immediate and delayed release
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27
Q

What are the manufacturing processes that affect dissolution rates?

A

Tablet compression and compaction

28
Q

What are salts APIs used in drug formulation?

A
  1. Increase solubility
  2. Increase stability
  3. Reduce toxicity
  4. Improve absorption
  5. Improve manufacturing process
29
Q

What excipient forms the bulk of an oral formulation?

A

Fillers/diluents

30
Q

What excipient impart cohesive qualities to powdered material?

A

Binders

31
Q

How much of drug is a filler or diluent?

A

65-85%

32
Q

How much of a drug is a binder?

A

2-5%

33
Q

What excipient reduces cohesive forces and speed time for tablet to break apart?

A

Disintegrants

34
Q

How much of a disintegrant is in a formulation?

A

2-5%

35
Q

Which excipient is not water soluble but has an affinity for water?

A

Disintegrants

36
Q

What are lubricants?

A
  1. Hydrophobic
  2. Aids in manufacturing
  3. Slow dissolution
37
Q

What excipient is used in manufacturing to improve flow of powder blends?

A

Glidnats

38
Q

What is the purpose for wetting agents and surfactants?

A

If API is hydrophobic, these improve gettability and facilitate dissolution

39
Q

How much of a formulation is wetting agents?

A

2-4%

40
Q

What is the purpose for coating in a formulation?

A
  1. Ease for swallowing
  2. Protection
  3. Taste masking
  4. Aesthetics
41
Q

How are most solutions prepared?

A

If more than one solute is being dissolved, dissolve least soluble to most

42
Q

How do you prepare a complex solution?

A
  1. Organic dissolved in organic solvents, water-soluble in aqueous solvents
  2. High density should be poured into lower density
43
Q

What is a liquid preparation intended for oral administration?

A

Oral solution

44
Q

What is a concentrated aqueous solution of sugar or sugar substitute for oral administration?

A

Syrups

45
Q

What solutions are hyperosmolar and resistant to microbial growth?

A

Concentrated sugar solutions

46
Q

What is a clear hydro-alcoholic solution intended for oral use?

A

Elixirs

47
Q

What are the advantages of elixirs?

A
  1. Insoluble drug for hydro-alcoholic vehicles
  2. Self preserving
  3. Less viscous
48
Q

What are the disadvantages of elixirs?

A
  1. No pediatric use
  2. Needs to be stored properly
49
Q

What is a concentrated aqueous solution containing one or more active ingredient and excipients?

A

Mouthwatch

50
Q

What contains high concentrations of active ingredients and is diluted in warm water before use?

A

Gargles

51
Q

What is a sterile preparation intended for application to the eye?

A

Ophthalmic liquid

52
Q

What are the vehicles use for ophthalmic liquids?

A
  1. Water for injection
  2. Boric acid
53
Q

What are administered in small volumes for treating ailments?

A

Otic solutions

54
Q

What are administered as nasal drops or sprays?

A

Nasal solutions

55
Q

What are oily or aqueous solutions that are administered rectally?

A

Edemas

56
Q

What are alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solutions that are prepared from vegetable material or chemical substances?

A

Tinctures

57
Q

What are liquids that are intended to be rubbed with friction and massaged in skin?

A

Liniments

58
Q

What are solutions of oil, alcohols, or soaps that require emulsification?

A

Liniments

59
Q

What are pyrogens?

A

Bacterial endotoxins that cause fever and hypotension

60
Q

What occurs during de-pyrogenization?

A

Removal of pyrogens by oxidation using potassium permanganate and barium hydroxide

61
Q

What is steam sterilization?

A
  1. Conducted in an autoclave that steams under pressure
  2. Temperature destroys microorganisms not pressure
  3. Moisture is present, bacteria coagulates and destroyed by low temp
62
Q

What is the important factor of steam sterilization?

A

Must penetrate product container

63
Q

What is steam sterilization used for?

A
  1. Aqueous solutions
  2. Bulk solutions
  3. Not useful for oils or fats
64
Q

What is dry heat sterilization?

A
  1. Carried out in thermoregulated oven
  2. Used for substances not effectively sterilized by moist heat
  3. Dry heat is less effective than moist heat
65
Q

What is gas sterilization?

A
  1. For heat and moisture sensitive materials
  2. Using ethylene oxide or propylene oxide making products flammable
  3. Diluted with CO2 or fluorinated hydrocarbon to make products safer
66
Q

What is the purpose of ethylene oxide?

A

Interferes with the metabolism of bacterial cell

Pharmaceutics (27 decks)

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