T1 L20: Anatomy of memory and emotion Flashcards
What are the 3 functions of the Hippocampus?
Episodic memory
Encoding and recollection of long term memories
Spatial navigation
Where is the hippocampus located?
Medial temporal lobe
The Cornu Ammonis, dentate gurus, and subiculum are all part of what?
The hippocampus
Which structures does the Hippocampus receive inputs from?
Multiple areas of the cortex especially: Prefrontal Cingulate, Temporal lobe Amygdala Olfactory bulb
Which structures does the Hippocampus send outputs to?
Via the Subiculum to: Prefrontal cortex Amygdala Septal nuclei Nucleus accumbens Mammillary bodies Anterior thalamus Hypothalamus
The fornix is a major output pathway
What are the symptoms of damage to the Hippocampus?
Amnesia=memory loss (Antergrade)
Difficulties in spatial navigation
Regularity problems: sleep, impulse control
What can cause damage to the Hippocmapus?
- Hypoxia (CO)
- Epilepsy
- Neurodegenerative disease (Eg. Alzheimer’s disease, Vascular dementia)
- Infection
- Stress/depression
- Schizophrenia
What does the Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex have to do with memory?
It’s for working memory
What does the Parahippocampal gyrus have to do with memory?
Recognition memory
What do the other temporal cortices have to do with memory other than the Hippocampus?
Categorical memory
Word recognition
Objects/faces
What is the Amygdala for and what does it have to do with memory?
It’s for reward association, fear conditioning
It enhances episodic memories emotionally
What is the striatum made up of and what does it have to do with memory?
Its made up of the caudate, Putamen, and Globus pallidus
It’s for procedural memory and habit formation
What do the mammillary bodies, fornix, and anterior thalamus have to do with memory?
It’s for the formation of new memories and consolidation
It forms the Papez circuit
What is the Papez circuit?
The neural loop goes through from hippocampal formation to mammillary body (MB) in the hypothalamus to anterior nucleus of the thalamus (AN) to cingulate gyrus/part of the parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) and back to the hippocampal
What is the basal nucleus of Meynert?
It contains a large population of cholinergic neurons that project their axons to the entire cortical mantle, the olfactory tubercle, and the amygdala
What are some functions of the Amygdala?
Threat detection Fear reactions Fear conditioning Emotional enhancement of memories Salience Arousal Intensity Reward Motivational behaviours Olfaction
What is meant by Salience?
Being noticeable or important
Where is the Amygdala located?
In the medial temporal lobe anterior to the Hippocampus
Which structures does the Amygdala connect to?
Ascending monoaminergic pathways Thalamus Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Hippocampus Basal ganglia ventral striatum Insula Subgenual cingulate Hypothalamus Extended Amygdala
What are the symptoms of a lesion on the Amygdala?
Loss/absence of fear
Abnormalities in social behaviour
What is Psychopathy also known as?
Antisocial anxiety disorder
What is the dorsal anterior cingulate for?
Stress response
Arousal
Emotional awareness
Cognitive control of emotions
What is the Subgenual anterior cingulate cortex for?
Reward
Depression
What is the insular cortex for?
Inner feelings Introspection Cravings Urges Anxiety
What is the orbitofrontal/medial prefrontal area for?
Reward
Relative reward
Regret
Behavioural flexibility
What is the striatum/basal ganglia/caudate nucleus/globus pallidus for?
Habits, motivation, urge, liking, emotional expression
What is the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) for?
Reward, motivation, wanting
Which neurotransmitter is used by the mesolimbic pathway?
Dopamine
What is the mesolimbic pathway?
The reward pathway
Where does the mesolimbic pathway project from?
The Ventral tegmental nucleus (VTA)
Which neurotransmitter is used by the locus coeruleus?
Noradrenaline
What is the Locus Coeruleus for?
It provides the far-reaching noradrenergic neurotransmitter system of the brain
Which neurotransmitter is produced in the Raphe nucleus?
Serotonin
