T1 L20: Anatomy of memory and emotion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the Hippocampus?

A

Episodic memory
Encoding and recollection of long term memories
Spatial navigation

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2
Q

Where is the hippocampus located?

A

Medial temporal lobe

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3
Q

The Cornu Ammonis, dentate gurus, and subiculum are all part of what?

A

The hippocampus

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4
Q

Which structures does the Hippocampus receive inputs from?

A
Multiple areas of the cortex especially:
Prefrontal 
Cingulate,
Temporal lobe
Amygdala
Olfactory bulb
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5
Q

Which structures does the Hippocampus send outputs to?

A
Via the Subiculum to:
Prefrontal cortex
Amygdala
Septal nuclei
Nucleus accumbens 
Mammillary bodies 
Anterior thalamus 
Hypothalamus 

The fornix is a major output pathway

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of damage to the Hippocampus?

A

Amnesia=memory loss (Antergrade)
Difficulties in spatial navigation
Regularity problems: sleep, impulse control

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7
Q

What can cause damage to the Hippocmapus?

A
  • Hypoxia (CO)
  • Epilepsy
  • Neurodegenerative disease (Eg. Alzheimer’s disease, Vascular dementia)
  • Infection
  • Stress/depression
  • Schizophrenia
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8
Q

What does the Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex have to do with memory?

A

It’s for working memory

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9
Q

What does the Parahippocampal gyrus have to do with memory?

A

Recognition memory

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10
Q

What do the other temporal cortices have to do with memory other than the Hippocampus?

A

Categorical memory
Word recognition
Objects/faces

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11
Q

What is the Amygdala for and what does it have to do with memory?

A

It’s for reward association, fear conditioning

It enhances episodic memories emotionally

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12
Q

What is the striatum made up of and what does it have to do with memory?

A

Its made up of the caudate, Putamen, and Globus pallidus

It’s for procedural memory and habit formation

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13
Q

What do the mammillary bodies, fornix, and anterior thalamus have to do with memory?

A

It’s for the formation of new memories and consolidation

It forms the Papez circuit

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14
Q

What is the Papez circuit?

A

The neural loop goes through from hippocampal formation to mammillary body (MB) in the hypothalamus to anterior nucleus of the thalamus (AN) to cingulate gyrus/part of the parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) and back to the hippocampal

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15
Q

What is the basal nucleus of Meynert?

A

It contains a large population of cholinergic neurons that project their axons to the entire cortical mantle, the olfactory tubercle, and the amygdala

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16
Q

What are some functions of the Amygdala?

A
Threat detection 
Fear reactions
Fear conditioning 
Emotional enhancement of memories 
Salience
Arousal
Intensity
Reward
Motivational behaviours 
Olfaction
17
Q

What is meant by Salience?

A

Being noticeable or important

18
Q

Where is the Amygdala located?

A

In the medial temporal lobe anterior to the Hippocampus

19
Q

Which structures does the Amygdala connect to?

A
Ascending monoaminergic pathways
Thalamus
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Hippocampus
Basal ganglia ventral striatum
Insula
Subgenual cingulate 
Hypothalamus
Extended Amygdala
20
Q

What are the symptoms of a lesion on the Amygdala?

A

Loss/absence of fear

Abnormalities in social behaviour

21
Q

What is Psychopathy also known as?

A

Antisocial anxiety disorder

22
Q

What is the dorsal anterior cingulate for?

A

Stress response
Arousal
Emotional awareness
Cognitive control of emotions

23
Q

What is the Subgenual anterior cingulate cortex for?

A

Reward

Depression

24
Q

What is the insular cortex for?

A
Inner feelings
Introspection
Cravings
Urges
Anxiety
25
What is the orbitofrontal/medial prefrontal area for?
Reward Relative reward Regret Behavioural flexibility
26
What is the striatum/basal ganglia/caudate nucleus/globus pallidus for?
Habits, motivation, urge, liking, emotional expression
27
What is the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) for?
Reward, motivation, wanting
28
Which neurotransmitter is used by the mesolimbic pathway?
Dopamine
29
What is the mesolimbic pathway?
The reward pathway
30
Where does the mesolimbic pathway project from?
The Ventral tegmental nucleus (VTA)
31
Which neurotransmitter is used by the locus coeruleus?
Noradrenaline
32
What is the Locus Coeruleus for?
It provides the far-reaching noradrenergic neurotransmitter system of the brain
33
Which neurotransmitter is produced in the Raphe nucleus?
Serotonin