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2.1 T1: Fundamental Neuroscience and the Brain > T1 L13: Ventricular system and CSF > Flashcards

T1 L13: Ventricular system and CSF Flashcards

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1
Q

What 2 structures are continuous with the ventricular system of the brain?

A

The subarachnoid space and central canal

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2
Q

What does the mantle layer of the neural tube become?

A

The brain parenchyma

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3
Q

What does the lumen of the neural tube become?

A

Ventricles and the central canal

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4
Q

What does the ependymal layer of the neural tube do?

A

It lines the ventricles and central canal

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5
Q

Which ventricle is surrounded by the Telencephalon?

A

The lateral ventricles

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6
Q

Which ventricles is surrounded by the Diencephalon?

A

The 3rd ventricle

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7
Q

Which ventricle is surrounded by the Metencephalon?

A

The 4th ventricle

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8
Q

Which 4 structures are the lateral ventricles divided into?

A

The body, anterior horn, posterior horn, and inferior horn

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9
Q

Which lobe is the body of the lateral ventricles located?

A

In the Parietal lobe

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10
Q

Which lobe is the anterior horn of the lateral ventricles located?

A

Frontal lobe

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11
Q

Which lobe is the posterior horn of the lateral ventricles located?

A

In the occipital lobe

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12
Q

Which lobe is the inferior horn of the lateral ventricles located?

A

In the temporal lobe

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13
Q

How does the CSF appear on a T1-weighted MRI?

A

dark

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14
Q

What is the function of the corpus pellucidium?

A

It separates the bodies of the lateral ventircles

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15
Q

Where is the corpus collosum compared to the corpus pellucidium?

A

Corpus collosum sits like a roof above corpus pellucidium

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16
Q

Where is the Hippocampus found?

A

In the floor of the lateral horn

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17
Q

How do the lateral ventricles communicate with the 3rd ventricle?

A

Through the interventricular foramen (Formen of Monro)

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18
Q

What 2 structures does the fornix connext?

A

The mamillary bodies and the hippocampus

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19
Q

What separates the 2 Thalami?

A

The 3rd ventricle

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20
Q

Which structure creates the roof of the 3rd ventricle?

A

The fornix

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21
Q

Which structure allows communication between the 3rd and 4th ventricles?

A

The cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius)

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22
Q

What surrounds the 3rd ventricles?

A

The midbrain

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23
Q

What surrounds the 4th ventricle?

A

The hindbrain

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24
Q

What are the 3 foramina that exit into the subarachnoid space?

A

2x Formain of Luschka

1x Foramina of Magendie

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25
Q

Where are the foramina of Luschka?

A

Lateral. Sit very close to the Cerebellar peduncles

26
Q

Where is the foramina of Magendie?

A

In the middle, in between the olives

27
Q

What are the top 2 colliculi for?

A

Eyes

28
Q

What are the bottom 2 colliculi for?

A

Ears

29
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the CSF?

A
  1. Hydraulic buffer to cushion brain against trauma
  2. Vehicle for removal of metabolites from CNS
  3. Stable ionic environment for neuronal function
  4. Transport of neurotransmitters and chemicals
30
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

The choroid plexus

31
Q

Where is the Coracoid plexus found?

A

Throughout the ventricles

32
Q

What is the function of the Choroid plexus?

A

It produced CSF and filters blood from branches of the internal carotid and basilar arteries

33
Q

Describe the structure of the Choroid plexus

A

A capillary network surrounded by cuboidal epithelium

34
Q

How is CSF produced?

A

Blood is filtered through fenestrated capillaries and components are transported through the cuboidal epithelium and into ventricles

35
Q

What lines the ventricles?

A

The Ependymal layer of cells

36
Q

What is the function of tight junctions between epithelial cells of the Choroid plexus?

A

To prevent macromolecules from entering the CSF. Only permeable to H2O and CO2. This forms the blood-CSF barrier

37
Q

Describe the structure of Ependymal cells

A

Have microvilli to increase surface area. Are full of proteins that allow for active transport of CSF components. They are bidirectional

38
Q

How many proteins are there in CSF?

A

Tiny amount

39
Q

What is the cisterna Magna?

A

The subarachnoid space that drains below the cerebellum

40
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space?

A

Between the pia and arachnoid layer

41
Q

Why is it important that the CSF has contact with the brain parenchyma?

A

So that electrolytes can be transferred and metabolites can be removed

42
Q

How does CSF appear on a T2-weighted MRI?

A

White

43
Q

What are arachnoid granulations?

A

Herniations of the arachnoid membrane through the dura mater into the venous sinuses mainly within the superior sagittal and transverse venous sinuses

44
Q

What is the function of the Arachnoid granulations?

A

They allow for removal of excess cerebrospinal fluid and metabolites

45
Q

Where is the CSF pressure greater, in the subarachnoid space or the venous sinuses?

A

In the subarachnoid space which prevents blood pooling in the subarachnoid space

46
Q

What happens to the arachnoid granulations when the pressure is too great?

A

The tips of the granulations close off and act as a one-way valve so CSF can’t get into the arachnoids

47
Q

How much CSF is produced each day?

A

600-700ml (~0.5ml/min)

48
Q

How much CSF is found in ventricles?

A

~25ml but its continuously moving and replaced. Excess is absorbed by arachnoid granulations

49
Q

What does yellow/orange/pink CSF indicate?

A

A subarachnoid bleed (A big bleed affecting the carotid arteries).
Indicates the breakdown of RBC’s and release of haemoglobin

50
Q

What is Xanthochromia mean in terms of CSF disease?

A

Yellow/orange/ink CSF

51
Q

What does cloudy/Turgid CSF indicate?

A

Bacterial meningitis

52
Q

What colour CSF does multiple sclerosis cause?

A

Cloudy CSF

53
Q

Where on the spine is a lumbar puncture taken and why?

A

At the lumbar cistern (L3/4) because there is no spinal cord and the dorsa and ventral veins will just move out of the way so there less of a risk of injury

54
Q

At what level is a lumbar puncture taken is children and why?

A

At L4/5 because there is the possibility you could hit the spinal cord since they’re still developing

55
Q

What is Hydrocephalus?

A

A dilation of the brain ventricles caused by a blocked CSF circulation, impaired absorption, or over secretion. This causes an increase in intracranial pressure

56
Q

What are the symptoms of Hydrocephalus?

A

Headaches, vomiting, visual disturbances, swelling of the optic disc (papilledema), seizures, altered cognition, balance and coordination problems

57
Q

Is hydrocephalus congenital or aquired?

A

Both

58
Q

What is non-communicating hydrocephalus?

A

A failure of communication between ventricles and the arachnoid space because of a a blockage within the ventricular system causing the CSF to stop circulating over the surface of the brain. It’s caused by tumour, cysts, stenosis

59
Q

`What is the surgical solution for non-communicating hydrocephalus?

A

Inserting a shunt to reduce intracranial pressure

60
Q

What is Dandy-Walker syndrome?

A

A congenital malformation of the cerebellum causing an obstruction within the foramina of the 4th ventricles. It causes symmetrical dilation of the ventricles. In infancy a baby’s head will become enlarged and shunt has to be inserted

61
Q

What is communicating hydrocephalus?

A

An obstruction in the arachnoid villi causing the movement of CSF to be impended. It’s caused by impaired absorption following subarachnoid haemorrhage, trauma, or bacterial meningitis

2.1 T1: Fundamental Neuroscience and the Brain (24 decks)

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