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2.1 T1: Fundamental Neuroscience and the Brain > T1 L11: Basic principle of Memory > Flashcards

T1 L11: Basic principle of Memory Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of memory?

A

Involves encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of sensory memory?

A

Echoic (auditory) and Iconic (Visual)

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3
Q

Is attention required to pass sensory memory information to the STM?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What is the capacity and duration of sensory memory?

A

Capacity: Large
Duration: Millisecond to seconds (like and ‘echo’)

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5
Q

What is the Capacity and duration of STM?

A

Capacity: short
Duration: Seconds to minutes (vulnerable to distraction)

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6
Q

What is the span of STM?

A

7+- 2 items

This information can be put into chunks

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7
Q

What are some criticisms of the STM?

A
  • Implies a serial structure to memory which is not supported by research
  • Patients with impaired STM could still form LTM
  • There are other routes to encoding information that bypass these stages
  • There are modality effects - is the STM is full then you shouldn’t be able to do other tasks but you can
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8
Q

What is the difference between Short Term Memory and Working memory?

A

They both do not hold information for very long but short term memory simply stores information for a short while, while working memory retains the information in order to manipulate it.

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9
Q

What are the 4 main components of the working memory model?

A

The central executive, The visuospatial sketchpad, Episodic buffer, and the phonological loop

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10
Q

What is the phonological loop?

A

It’s the verbal workspace. It can hold about 7+- 2 items in the mind for a limited time

It’s content is refreshed by the articulatory processes

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11
Q

What is the Visuospatial sketchpad?

A

It’s the visual workspace

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12
Q

What does the Visuospatial sketchpad consist of?

A

The visual Cache: Visual info such as form and colour

Inner scribe: Spatial movement and manipulation

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13
Q

How does rehearsal in the visual cache occur?

A

Via the Inner scribe

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14
Q

What was the Corso block tapping test used to test?

A

Spatial span

People were asked to tap on boxes in the correct places

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15
Q

What is the mental rotation test used to show?

A

The function of the visuospatial working memory

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16
Q

What is the function of the central executive?

A

It’s command and control centre

17
Q

Which model of memory uses both new information Eg from the sensory memory and old information from the LTM?

A

The working memory model

18
Q

Which hemisphere do visuospatial tasks typically occur on?

A

The right hemisphere

19
Q

Which hemisphere do phonological tasks typically occur on?

A

The left hemisphere

20
Q

What can cause declines in working memory?

A

Age, neurological disorders like traumatic brain injury (TBI), Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, ADHD

21
Q

What tasks can become difficult when someone has Working memory deficits?

A
  • Difficulty starting tasks (due to feeling overloaded)
  • Struggling with long instruction
  • Slow response
  • Can’t follow directions
  • Struggles with mental arithmetic
  • Low educational attainment
22
Q

What is the definition of encoding?

A

Initial acquisition and consolidation of information into memory

23
Q

What is the definition of retrieval?

A

Accessing information stored in memory

24
Q

What are the 3 levels of processing?

A 
Orthographic (appearance)
 - Shallow level but poor retention 
Phonological (sound)
 - Shallow level but poor retention
Semantic (meaning)
 - Deep level with greater retention
25
Q

Which type of memory processing results in the greatest retention?

A

Deep, meaningful processing of information

26
Q

What is transfer-dependent processing?

A

Memory can be enhanced when the cognitive processes during retrieval and encoding are the same Eg. both shallow

27
Q

What is self-reference effect?

A

Memory will be better if information is related to the yourself

28
Q

What are the 3 types of retrieval?

A

Free recall, Cued recall, Recognition

29
Q

Which disease causes encoding failure?

A

Alzheimer’s disease - related to hippocampal dysfunction

30
Q

Dysfunction in which areas of the brain causes deficits in executive function?

A

Frontal or subcortical dysfunction

2.1 T1: Fundamental Neuroscience and the Brain (24 decks)

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