T — Cognition Flashcards
According to dual-coding theory, information is processed through:
A. Emotions and sensations
B. Verbal associations and visual images
C. Repetition and memory recall
D. Reflexes and motor skills
c
Which of the following is NOT one of the four pillars of the information processing model?
A. Thinking requires sensation, encoding, and storage
B. Automatic response to stimuli leads to better decisions
C. Decisions in one scenario help solve new problems
D. Problem solving depends on cognition and context
b
What does early cognitive development mainly focus on?
A. Language and memory
B. Moral decision-making
C. Mastering the physical environment
D. Social learning and imitation
c
According to Piaget, children think differently than adults because:
A. They lack emotional maturity
B. Their learning is entirely observational
C. They go through qualitatively different stages
D. Their brain is not fully developed until adolescence
c
In Piaget’s view, the first stage of cognitive development is the:
A. Preoperational stage
B. Formal operational stage
C. Concrete operational stage
D. Sensorimotor stage
d
Piaget believed that infants learn through:
A. Watching adults closely
B. Innate interactions with their environment
C. Positive reinforcement
D. Structured teaching
b
According to Piaget, new information is processed through which two processes?
A. Encoding and retrieval
B. Sensation and perception
C. Assimilation and accommodation
D. Thinking and feeling
c
What best defines a schema in cognitive development?
A. A mental disorder
B. A method of conditioning
C. A concept, behavior, or sequence of events
D. A reflex action
c
According to Piaget, new information is processed through:
A. Symbolic learning and memory retrieval
B. Assimilation and accommodation
C. Reinforcement and punishment
D. Reflexes and instincts
b
Which of the following is an example of a primary circular reaction?
A. Dropping a spoon repeatedly
B. Imitating facial expressions
C. Sucking a thumb because it’s soothing
D. Laughing at a new toy
c
Repeatedly pushing a toy to see it move is an example of:
A. Primary reflex
B. Egocentrism
C. Object permanence
D. Secondary circular reaction
d
What is the typical age range for the sensorimotor stage?
A. 2–7 years
B. 7–11 years
C. 12–18 months
D. Birth to 2 years
d
At what age does object permanence typically develop?
A. 18–24 months
B. 4–6 months
C. 8–12 months
D. 2–3 years
c
What does egocentrism mean in the preoperational stage?
A. The ability to empathize with others
B. The inability to imagine what others think or feel
C. The development of logical thought
D. The ability to engage in pretend play
b
During the concrete operational stage, children:
A. Begin to use reflexes to learn
B. Are highly egocentric
C. Understand others’ perspectives
D. Engage mostly in symbolic play
c
What is the hallmark of the formal operational stage?
A. Learning language
B. Thinking logically about abstract ideas
C. Egocentrism
D. Developing object permanence
b
What did the pendulum experiment demonstrate in children in the concrete operational stage (7–11 years)?
A. They could isolate variables accurately
B. They ignored the task altogether
C. They were unable to isolate variables
D. They focused only on abstract concepts
c
According to Vygotsky, a child’s cognitive development is most dependent on:
A. Genetics
B. Brain size
C. Culture
D. Schooling
c
Which of the following is an example of fluid intelligence?
A. Memorizing vocabulary
B. Problem-solving skills
C. Recalling a phone number
D. Naming all the U.S. states
b
What does crystallized intelligence rely on?
A. New strategies
B. Abstract thought
C. Use of learned knowledge
D. Social interactions
c
Which of the following describes vascular dementia?
A. Memory loss due to Alzheimer’s
B. Caused by high blood pressure and mini-clots
C. Linked to alcohol abuse
D. Caused by low serotonin levels
b
Which term describes sticking to a belief despite clear evidence against it?
A. Confirmation bias
B. Belief perseverance
C. Disconfirmation
D. Fluid reasoning
b
What is the base rate fallacy?
A. Judging based on stereotypes
B. Using exact statistics
C. Ignoring general statistics for one vivid case
D. Learning through patterns
c
What defines delirium?
A. Slow, irreversible mental decline
B. Inability to recognize faces
C. Fast, reversible change in cognitive function
D. Inherited memory loss
d
What cognitive ability develops in the formal operational stage (11+ years)?
A. Logical thinking about abstract ideas
B. Egocentrism
C. Symbolic play
D. Object permanence
a
