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Cognition Flashcards

PSY 1

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1
Q

cognition

A

how brain works & reacts to info presented to us

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2
Q

dual processing theory

A

sound and visuals are used to process & store info

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3
Q

information processing model

A

brain doesn’t work like computer
it processes info for decision, emotions, and problem solving

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4
Q

Cognitive development

A

Development of the ability to think and solve problems across a lifespan

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5
Q

What are the four stages of cognitive development?

A

Sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operation
formal operation

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6
Q

jean piaget

A

Qualitative differences between the way adults and children think

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7
Q

schema

A

a concept, behavior, or a sequence of events

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8
Q

what did Piaget say about new information

A

He said that new information is processed through adaptation which comes from two processes: assimilation & accommodation

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9
Q

assimilation

A

grouping new info into existing memories (like concept, events)

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10
Q

Accommodation

A

Existing schemata (concepts, events) that are modified for new information

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11
Q

What is the duration of the sensorimotor stage?

A

birth to 2 years

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12
Q

What is circular reactions in sensorimotor stage?

A

When a child manipulates the environment to meet their physical needs

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13
Q

What is primary circular reaction and give an example

A

Primary circular reaction is the baby’s understanding of their own body
ex: realizing that sucking thumb is soothing

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14
Q

What is secondary circular reaction and give an example

A

it is when the baby finds something in the environment interesting & repeats it
ex: pushing the toy and finding it to move

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15
Q

object permanence

A

8-12 months
infant recognizes that object exists

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16
Q

representational thoughts

A

18-24 months
ability to think about objects and events that are not physically present.

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17
Q

preoperational stage

A

2-7 years
Includes symbolic thinking, egocentrism and centration

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18
Q

Symbolic thinking in pre operational stage

A

Ability to pretend, play, make believe, and have imagination

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19
Q

Ecocentrism in preoperational stage

A

Inability to imagine what another person may think or feel

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20
Q

Centration in preoperational stage

A

Tendency to focus on only one aspect of phenomenon-inability to understand other aspect of the conversation

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21
Q

Concrete operational state

A

7-11 years
Understand others perspective

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22
Q

formal operational stage

A

11+ years
think logically about abstract ideas

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23
Q

pendulum experiment

A

Children try to identify and isolate which factors (string length. height of release. weight) affect the speed of pendulum

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24
Q

What was the result of the pendulum experiment?

A

7-11 concrete stage : Unable to isolate factors and identify which factor is affecting the speed
11+ formal stage: Able to identify and isolated factor is affecting the speed

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25
Q

What did Lev Vygotsky proposed?

A

He proposed that cognitive development of a child is dependent on his culture

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26
Q

Name one type of fluid intelligence

A

Problem solving skills

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27
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Use of learned skills and knowledge

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28
Q

dementia

A

Intellectual decline following impaired memory, impaired judgment and confusion

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29
Q

Vascular dementia

A

high blood pressure causes mini-clot in the brain

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30
Q

what are some factors that can cause intellectual disabilities?

A

Infections in the brain
Birth complication
It can be recent syndrome
Genetic diseases
Parenting styles
drug use

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31
Q

delirium

A

Fast fluctuation in cognitive function
could be due to medical reasons and is reversible

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32
Q

mental set

A

tendency to approach similar problems in the same way

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33
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Inability to consider how to use an object in an untypical way
Cannot use an object in a way they have not been taught

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34
Q

Availability heuristic

A

used when people estimate the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind.
You assume your car would be stolen because you just heard the news about it

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35
Q

Representative heuristic

A

You judge according to the stereotype and looks not based on statistics

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36
Q

Base Rate Fallacy

A

Ignoring the general rate of an event and focusing on a particular incident that might be bad

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37
Q

Belief perspective/perseverance

A

Sticking to one’s initial belief while rejecting the clear evidences against it

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38
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Seeking out information that confirms our previous biases or beliefs

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39
Q

disconfirmation principle

A

Changing one’s previous beliefs based on new contradicting information

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40
Q

Intuition

A

Act on perceptions that is not supported by evidences

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41
Q

Recognition Primed decision model

A

Brain sorts information into a pattern

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42
Q

rule of thumb

A

Rules of thumb are simple, practical guidelines that help in making quick decisions or solving common problems

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43
Q

What are the barriers to effective problem solving?

A

confirmation bias, functional fixedness, mental set, emotional barriers, availability heuristic, representativeness heuristic, belief perspective, stereotyping, judice

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44
Q

What are the approaches to problem solving?

A

trail & error, heuristic, algorithm,

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45
Q

overconfidence

A

Cognitive bias where individual has excessive beliefs in their own skills

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46
Q

What are Howard Gardner’s seven types of intelligence?

A

Linguistic, logical mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic interpersonal & intrapersonal

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47
Q

spearman’s g factor

A

Represents general intelligence underlying all cognitive abilities
such as ability to read makes him good in many subjects

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48
Q

intelligence quotient

A

Obtaining a standardized number for the intelligence measure

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49
Q

What other factors can vary intellectual abilities?

A

Parents’ expectation, socioeconomic status, nutrition, genes, environment educational experience

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50
Q

What are the 3 states of consciousness?

A

Dreaming, sleep, altered state of consciousness

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51
Q

what can cause altered state of consciousness?

A

Hypnosis, mediation, drug induced, sickness, dementia, delirium & coma

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52
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for alertness?

A

prefrontal cortex
reticular formation: neural structure located in the brain stem
both communicate (loss of this leads to coma)

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53
Q

What are the waves found from EEG that correspond to brain activity?

A

beta
alpha
theta
delta
sawtooth

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54
Q

beta wave

A

When we are awake, alert and doing a mental task

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55
Q

alpha wave

A

Slower waves than beta
awake but relaxing stayed with eyes closed

56
Q

theta wave

A

stage 1 of sleep : NREM 1
light sleep: feels like didn’t sleep at all
slow eye movements
5-10 mins of sleep
irregular + spacious waves

57
Q

stage 1 sleep / NREM 1 / N1

A

⬆️

58
Q

stage 2 sleep / NREM 2

A

10-25 min of sleep

59
Q

1️⃣sleep spindles
2️⃣K complexes in stage 2 sleep

A

1️⃣short bursts
2️⃣large single peak
both do memory solidation, protection from external stimuli

60
Q

stage 3+4 / slow wave sleep (SWS)
delta waves

A

EEG waves get slower
low freq & high volt waves
hard to wake
cognitive recovery + memory solid
inc growth hormone release

61
Q

NREM sleep

A

Non-rapid eye movement
All the above four stages

62
Q

REM sleep
paradoxical sleep

A

sawtooth waves
Spread between the above cycles
Brain is working as if we are awake
Muscles are paralyzed (antonia)
detailed dreams

63
Q

Effects of REM sleep on body

A

Memory solidation
Creative thinking & problem solving
Less temperature regulation

64
Q

REM sleep disorders

A

Narcolepsy: excess daytime sleeping, cataplexy
Sleep behavior disorder: weakness, loss of paralysis (moving out of dreams)

65
Q

sleep cycle

A

One round of the sleep stages

66
Q

Melatonin role in sleep cycle

A

In darkness (evening & night), pineal gland releases melatonin to induce sleepiness
high during evening & night

67
Q

ACTH role in sleep cycle
(Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)

A

Released by anterior pituitary to stimulate the adrenal cortex
Adrenal cortex then releases cortisol

68
Q

Cortisol role in sleep cycle

A

steroid hormone
resp for metabolism, immunity
low during sleep times bec body has to rest
high in morning
low at evening & night

69
Q

CRF role in sleep cycle
corticotropin releasing factor

A

inc light makes CRF release ACTH

70
Q

show pathway of hormones of the daytime

A

high light ➡️ hypothalamus ➡️CRF ➡️ anterior pituitary➡️ACTH➡️adrenal cortex ➡️cortisol➡️alert !!!

71
Q

show pathway of the hormones for night

A

dark➡️pineal gland➡️melatonin➡️ sleepiness

72
Q

Where do most dreams occur?

A

REM sleep

73
Q

activation-synthesis theory

A

dreams are the result of the brain trying to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during REM

74
Q

Problem-solving dream theory

A

Suggests that dreams are a way to solve problems because they show us a different perspective

75
Q

Cognitive process dream theory

A

Dreams are the sleeping part of our conscious while we are awake

76
Q

Neurocognitive models of dreaming

A

Tries to unify biological and psychological perspectives on dreaming

77
Q

dyssomnias

A

Difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, avoid sleep
Ex: Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea

78
Q

insomnia

A

difficulty falling/staying asleep

79
Q

narcolepsy

A

Drowsiness during the day
Symptoms: cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucination

80
Q

cataplexy

A

sudden muscle weakness

81
Q

sleep paralysis

A

unable to move despite being awake

82
Q

hypnagogic & hypnopompic hallucinations

A

hallucinations when going to sleep or waking up

83
Q

sleep apnea

A

People wake up to breath
Can’t breathe while sleeping

84
Q

2 sleep apneas 1️⃣obstructive2️⃣central

A

1️⃣ physical blockage in the windpipe
2️⃣ brain fails to send signal to the diaphragm

85
Q

Parasomnia

A

abnormal movement/behaviors during sleep
Ex: night terrors, sleep walking

86
Q

night terrors

A

Intense anxiety in stage 4 sleep

87
Q

Sleep walking

A

during stage 4 sleep

88
Q

sleep deprivation

A

REM sleep also

89
Q

Hypnosis

A

A stage in which the person appears to be in control of their actions but is actually following the suggestions of others

90
Q

Hypnotic induction

A

Subject is relaxed and their conscious is raised

91
Q

Meditation

A

Relaxing of the mind for some purpose
Resembles stage 1 sleep

92
Q

GABA receptor

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter
limits excitation
binds to neuron receptor
leads to hyperpolarization
maintains sleep (less levels leads to insomnia)

93
Q

hyperpolarization

A

less firing of action potential

94
Q

what does alcohol do to GABA and chloride channel

A

increases GABA receptor activity
Cl ion enters

95
Q

why do people feel happy after alcohol

A

enhanced GABAa activity
Cl enters neurons
hyperpolarization
person relaxed

96
Q

GABAa receptors

A

chloride channel

97
Q

alcohol myopia

A

short-sighted view of the world

98
Q

long-term results of alcohol use

A

cirrhosis, liver failure, pancreatic damage, gastric/duodenal ulcers, gastrointestinal cancer, brain damage

99
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff

A

Plenty of thiamine (vitamin B1)
Severe memory impairment, mental state change, loss of motor skills

100
Q

Name 2 depressants

A

Alcohols, barbiturates & benzodiazepines

101
Q

barbiturates

A

has been used historically as anxiolytic & sleep medication

102
Q

anxiolytic

A

anxiety-reducing

103
Q

what do barbiturate depressants do ?

A

they are sleep inducing

104
Q

what does amobarbital drug do ?

A

it is used for short-term insomnia, pre-surgery sedation, & psychiatric evaluations

105
Q

what does phenobarbital drug do?

A

used as a sedative
Treats epilepsy and severe seizures

106
Q

what are benzodiazepines drugs?

A

anxiety reducing drugs that have replaced ammo orbital and phenobarbital benzodiazepine
less susceptible to overdose

107
Q

examples of benzodiazepines drug

A

alprazolam, lorazepam, diazepam, clonazepam

108
Q

What do anxiety reducing drugs do to GABA activity?

A

They increase Gaba activity for relaxation

109
Q

stimulants

A

inc action potential to increase arousal of nervous system (phy activity)

110
Q

amphetamines in brain

A

release dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
euphoria, hypervigilance, anxiety, delusions of grandeur, paranoia

111
Q

amphetamines effect on body & life

A

person becomes active
less sleep & eating
high bp & heart rate

112
Q

similarities and differences between amphetamines and cocaine

A

🌴Amphetamines decreases the release of neurotransmitters and their uptake
🌴Cocaine decreases the uptake
🌴Both have similar effects

113
Q

Additional properties of cocaine

A

anesthetic
vasoconstrictive for nose and throat
Can lead to heart attack and strokes

114
Q

Crack

A

Smoked form of cocaine and is very addictive

115
Q

ecstasy

A

🌴Similar drug like amphetamines
🌴overwhelming sense of well being and connectedness

116
Q

What opiates and opioids derived from?

A

Opium Poppy plant

117
Q

opiates

A

Morphine and codeine
Naturally occurring form of opium

118
Q

opioids

A

oxycodone, hydrocodone, heroin
semisynthetic derivatives of opium
Combined to opioid receptors in PNS and CNS

119
Q

Opioid effects on body

A

Decreased reaction to pain
Sense of Euphoria
Respiratory suppression from overdose

120
Q

heroin

A

🌴Morphine substitute
🌴Oxycodone & hydrocodone are its prescription drugs

121
Q

How you doing metabolized and what is used to treat its addiction?

A

It is metabolized to morphine
Addiction is treated by methadone

122
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Cause reality distortion & fantasy
Complex interaction between neurotransmitters (serotonin)

123
Q

What do hallucinogens contain?

A

LSD-lysergic acid diethylamide
mushroom

124
Q

Where does marijuana come from?

A

Plants of cannabis sativa and cannabis indica

125
Q

What is the main chemical in marijuana?

A

THC - tetrahydrocannabinol

126
Q

What does marijuana do in the brain?

A

🌴act at cannabinoid receptors, glycine receptors, opioid receptors
🌴inhibits GABA
🌴increases dopamine activity

127
Q

Effects of marijuana on the body

A

eye redness, dry mouth, fatigue, impairment of short-term
memory, increased heart rate, increased appetite & lowered blood pressure

128
Q

category of marijuana

A

stimulant, depressant, & hallucinogen

129
Q

reward pathway

A

when we do something enjoyable like drugs), dopamine is released

130
Q

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

A

where dopamine is produced

131
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

This area receives dopamine and makes us feel good

132
Q

medial forebrain bundle (MFB)

A

🌴a collection of nerve fibers in the brain
🌴facilitate the release of dopamine
🌴connects hypothalamus, VTA, nucleus accumbens, & prefrontal cortex

133
Q

attention

A

concentrating on one aspect of the sensory environment

134
Q

Select attention

A

Focusing on one stimuli and ignoring all the others

135
Q

Cocktail party phenomenon

A

Able to hear one’s name being called out despite being in a deep conversation with someone else

136
Q

Divided attention

A

Doing multiple tasks at the same time

137
Q

automatic processing

A

familiarity with the task so much that not much attention is given to it (while doing it) and the focus is on other tasks
Ex: driving on the everyday route

psych (9 decks)

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