Systems

Question 1

What are the Airspeed types and their definitions?

Answer 1

Indicated Airspeed (IAS): Corrected for instrument error
Calibrated Airspeed (CAS): Corrected for Pressure Error (positional error)
Equivalent Airspeed (EAS): Corrected for Compressibility Error
True Airspeed (TAS): Corrected for density error.

Question 2

What are the ICAO Standard Atmosphere (ISA) level standards.

Answer 2

Temp: 15C
Pressure: 1013.25
Density: 1.225kg/m3
Humidity: Dry Air 0% RH
Speed of Sounds: 661 knots

Question 3

Which instrument displays vertical speed, what does it display and how does it work?

Answer 3

Vertical speed indicator

Rate of change of altitude

Reads changes in static pressure

Question 4

What is QNH, QFE, QNE

Answer 4

QNH: Above sea level (ALB will read 400ft)
QFE: Above ground level (Alb will read 0ft)
QNE: Standard pressure setting (1013.25)

Question 5

Pressure Instrument Names

Answer 5

Airspeed
Altimeter
Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)

Question 6

With a constant TAS, what will IAS do as you ascend?

Answer 6

IAS will decrease (2kts/1000ft)

Question 7

Which instrument displays yaw?

Answer 7

Turn Slip Indicator

Question 8

What is gyroscopic precession?

Answer 8

If a force is applied to a rotor, the rotor is displaced 90degrees later in the direction of spin

Question 9

What are the Secular and Annual changes in Earth’s magnetic field?

Answer 9

Secular - Magnetic pole orbits around geographic pole every 960 years in a circle of 17 degrees radius
Annual - Shifts up to 2 degrees east or west every year

Question 10

What is the ADF System?

Answer 10

It is the Automatic Direction Finder, it is only used for navigation by NDB.

Question 11

What is a VOR and what frequencies does it operate on?

Answer 11

A Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Radio is a ground-based navaid.

It operates between 108.00-117.95 MHz.

Question 12

Advantages of VOR over NDB

Answer 12

More accurate
Offers radial instead of bearing
DME pairing
Less susceptible to interference

Question 13

What is dip angle?

Answer 13

The angle that a magnetic needle makes with the plane of the horizon.

Question 14

What is magnetic variation?

Answer 14

The difference between true north and magnetic north.

Question 15

What are Isogonal, agonic and aclinic lines?

Answer 15

Isogonal - Lines that connect two points of the same magnetic variation.
Agonic - Lines of zero variation between magnetic and true north.
Aclinic - Lines that connect points of 0 dip angle (magnetic equator)

Question 16

What are the Diurnal and Periodic changes to Earth’s magnetic field?

Answer 16

Diurnal (twice yearly): small changes due to declination of the sun

Periodic: eleven year cycle of sun spot activity may cause daily change (not proven)

Not of sufficient magnitude to affect normal navigation.

Question 17

What are the Primary and Standby Compass’?

Answer 17

Primary - AKA Gyro-Magnetic Compass or Remote Indicating Compass. Utilises a flux valve magnetic sensor, powered by electricity.

Standby - AKA Direct Indicator Compass. Powered by earth’s magnetic field.

Question 18

Pitotstatic system components

Answer 18

Airflow in (total or pitot pressure) through Pitot tube
Flexible diaphragm which expands depending on total pressure
Static pressure compartment which has a static vent.
Mechanical output

Question 19

Limitations of Direction Indicating Compass’ (standby compass)

Answer 19

Liquid Swirl (Suspended in liquid which keeps turning)
Scale error
Parralax Error
Alignment error
Deviation (Magnetic interference)
Turning and accelerating errors

Question 20

Turning & Acceleration error summary.

Answer 20

SAND
South (overshoot turn when)
Accelerating
North (overshoot turn when)
Decelerating

ONUS
Overshoots
North
Undershoots
South

Question 21

What is Dynamic Pressure?

Answer 21

Pressure created due to motion

Relative to movement (either an object moving through the air or air moving over an object)

Question 22

What is Static Pressure?

Answer 22

Pressure exerted equally in all directions, result of the weight of all air pressing down

Question 23

Attitude Indicator has 2 Degrees of Freedom, which makes it a

Answer 23

Tied Gyro

Question 24

How many DoF does a Rate Gyro have

Answer 24

1

Question 25

Parts of ASI system (numbers are the image left to right)

Answer 25

1. Gearing system
2. Static Pressure
3. Static Vent
4. Diaphragm
5. Total Pressure (Pitot Pressure)
6. Pitot Tube
7. Airflow

Question 26

What is the ISA Standard Lapse Rate

Answer 26

2 degrees / 1000ft

Question 27

Converting True to Magnetic Bearing

Answer 27

“East is Least”
Subtract East Isogonals from True to calc Mag

“West is Best”
Add West Isogonals to True to calc Mag

Question 28

Two things that Remote Magnetic Indicator show

Answer 28

Heading + Failure Flag

Question 29

Purpose of Direct Indicating Compass

Answer 29

To show the heading of the aircraft and which direction magnetic north meridian lines without electrical power

Question 30

With a constant IAS, what will TAS do as you ascend?

Answer 30

TAS will increase

Question 31

What is the ISA pressure lapse rate?

Answer 31

1hPa/30ft (pressure decreases as altitude decreases)

Question 32

How does a VOR provide your radial?

Answer 32

It produces a radial by phase comparison of signals.

Question 33

What does a VOR (no DME) provide you?

Answer 33

A radial from the VOR.

Question 34

What is the principle of operation of a DIC (standby compass)?

Answer 34

The compass is suspended in a liquid and points towards the Earth’s magnetic North Pole.

Question 35

Approved uses for the ADF

Answer 35

Honing and Navigating