systemic risk factors part 2 Flashcards
what is the definition of diabetes
common group of metabolic disorders characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia resulting from insulin deficiency or impaired utilisation of insulin
what is diabetes characterised by
chronic hyperglycaemia
what does chronic hyperglycaemia result from
insulin deficiency or impaired utilisation of insulin
what is the full name of diabetes
diabetes mellitus
what can the medication of diabetes result in
hypOglycaemia
in 2017 what did the international’s federation of diabetes find out to be the number of people suffering worldwide
451 million ( aged 18-99 years)
what percentage of people have type 1 diabetes in the uk
10%
what percentage of people have type 2 diabetes in the uk
90%
what type of diabetes can we get in young adults
1-2%
MATURITY ONSET DIABETES
describe type 1 diabetes
destruction of b cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
autoimmune disease
generic disposition
abrupt onset, most often in children or teens
describe type 2 diabetes
defect in b cells and is insulin resistant
usually manifests mid life and less children affected
genetic influence
increased risk if sedentary lifestyle, obese, asian/afro Caribbean
complications possible
what is the typical age group for type 1 diabetes
abrupt onset, most often in children or teens
what is the typical age group for type 2 diabetes
mid life but now can be seen in younger ages
what are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes
Sedentary lifestyle, obese, asian/afro carribean
how can we test for diabetes
venous plasma glucose levels
HbA1c- OVER A PERIOD OF TIME
glucometer can be done at home
what does the random venous plasma glucose levels have to be
greater than or equal to 11.1 mmol per litre
what does the fasted venous plasma glucose levels have to be
greater than 7 mmol per litre AND
unexplained weight loss
polyuria
polydipsia
what is polyuria
a condition usually defined as excessive or abnormally large production or passage of urine (greater than 2.5 or 3 L over 24 hours in adults)
what is polydipsia
abnormally great thirst as a symptom of disease (such as diabetes) or psychological disturbance.abnormally great thirst as a symptom of disease (such as diabetes) or psychological disturbance.
what should normal blood glucose levels be
4-5.5 mmol per litre before meals
OR
less than 8 mmol per litre 2 hours after meal
How do we use HbA1c To test for diabetes
glucose binds to haemoglobin within erythrocytes for the life of the RBC( 8-12 wks)
we measure how much haemoglobin is glycated
what is the cut off point for HbA1C
48 mmol per mol (6.5%)
what should we try to keep diabetes in the range of in regards to HbA1C according to the new system
6.5-7.5%
AKA 48-58mmol/mol
what should we try to keep non diabetic people in the range of according to the new system
4-6%
20-42 mmol/mol
what are the implications of poorly controlled diabetes
diabetes complication
risk factor for perio diseases
how can we treat type 1 diabetes
insulin injections/pump
balance carb intake and insulin
new technology includes transplantation of islets of langerhans cells in the pancreas
how do we treat type 2 diabetes
treat by diet or oral hypoglycaemia drugs and exercise
25% may need insulin injections
balancing act
how do we carry out a home glucose monitor
simple finger prick
drop of blood on a strip
inserted into a glucometer
what do we aim for on a home glucose strip
4-7 mmol per litre
under the renal threshold of 10 mmol per litre
what is the new technology for home glucose monitoring
flash glucose sensor