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CSA SR > biocompatibility e lec > Flashcards

biocompatibility e lec Flashcards

to introduce the concept of biocompatibility and the relevance to dentistry

1
Q

what is the definition of biocompatibility

A

it is any substance other than drugs, natural or manmade that can be used for any period of time as a whole or part of a system which can treat, augments or replaces any tissue organ or function of the body

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2
Q

give common examples of biocompatible materials in medicine

A

heart artificial valves or hip joints

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3
Q

examples in dentistry

A

amalgams or casting alloy or implants

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4
Q

biocompatibility

A

the ability pf a material to elicit an appropriate biological response in a given application

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5
Q

is there absolute biocompatibility

A

no

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6
Q

what are the three important factors in biocompatibility

A

interaction with host, material and function of the material

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7
Q

biocompatibility is…

A

dynamic, ongoing

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8
Q

what host related factors can affect biocompatibility

A

aging and disease or the material might change due to corrosion or fatigue

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9
Q

what local factors can affect biocompatibility

A

loads places, occlusion/diet

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10
Q

how is biocompatibility affecting dentists

A

safety of the patient
legal liability
safety of dental staff

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11
Q

which potential biological effects can occur

A

toxic reactions

allergic reactions

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12
Q

what toxic reactions can occur

A

cancer or allergies

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13
Q

what causes a toxic reaction

A

direct contact with the material

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14
Q

what also causes a toxic reaction

A

leaching or degradation products

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15
Q

what is the definition of a toxic material

A

a toxic material is one that releases a chemical in sufficient quantities to kill cells either through direct or indirect inhibition of metabolic pathways

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16
Q

eg of toxic reactions

A

carcinogenic reactions are dose dependant

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17
Q

how do we get toxic effects

A

one large dose or small doses over the threshold

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18
Q

in dentistry toxic reactions occurs not as

A

a one time dose dependant reactions

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19
Q

toxic reactions are

A

dose dependant

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20
Q

allergic reactions are

A

dose independent

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21
Q

name some materials that can cause allergic reactions

A 
mercury 
eugenol 
nickel
chromium 
cobalt 
resin based materails 
formaldehyde(allergic and direct toxic effects)
methylmethacrylate
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22
Q

name some known allergens

A

nickel
methylcrylacytes
resin based material
latex

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23
Q

why can these materials be more dangerous to dentists

A

due to exposure for a long time which can cause cumulative irritation allergic response

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24
Q

risks are greater for dental technicians from

A

gypsum
resin
mentals

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25
Q

how can these materials affect technicians

A

due to inhalation

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26
Q

intra oral reactions

A

lichen planus
swelling tenderness redness
burning sensation and ulceration
blisters

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27
Q

hands wrists for finger reactions

A 
dermatitis 
urticaria 
eczema 
itching dry flaky skin
swelling redness or blisters 
ulceration
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28
Q

face or lip reactions

A

swelling redness and tenderness
ulceration or blisters
dermatitis eczema and urticaria
burnign or tingling

29
Q

general reactions

A 
breathing issues
runny irritated eyes 
coughing sneezing closed throat
headache nausea 
dizziness
30
Q

what needs to be carried out for safety

A

risk assessments

31
Q

what is LOAEL

A

lowest observed adverse effect levels

32
Q

NOAEL

A

no observed adverse effect levels

33
Q

what is the numerical value for LOAEL

A

50 micrograms/m3 nephrotoxicity levels

34
Q

what is the general public threshold for NOAEL

A

5 micrograms/m3

35
Q

what is the factory threshold for NOAEL

A

25micrograms/m3

36
Q

what is the threshold for children, sick , pregnant people

A

1 micrograms/m3

37
Q

which factors should be considered

A

sex, age , allergic potential foetal exposure diet pre existing conditions and nutritional status

38
Q

what exposure factors do we need to consider

A 
quantity 
route 
length of exposure
 accumulation in tissues 
and excretion
39
Q

what are the essential elements by WHO

A 
zinc 
iodine 
selenium 
cobalt 
iron 
chromium 
copper 
molybdenum
40
Q

why might a material not biocompatible

A

just because it is in the body doesnt men it will be biocompatible

41
Q

what must also be considered

A

that reactions between the elements in the body already occur and the implant material must also be considered

42
Q

what do metals undergo

A

electrochemical reactions with the environment which results in dissolution= corrosion

43
Q

what can happen to casting alloys

A

they can result in leaching into the oral environment

44
Q

is amalgam safe to use

A

yes

45
Q

when was amalgam first used

A

mid 19th century

46
Q

what did the hatters suffer from

A 
neulogical poisoning of the Hg 
resulting in 
poor walking 
unable to speak clearly 
suffered from palsy
47
Q

what type of mercury is associated with biosynthesis and bioaccumulation in fish

A

methylmercury

48
Q

how many people have been estimated to have minamata disease in minamata, japan

A

over 3000

49
Q

how are dentists exposed to mercury

A

due to spillage
waste mercury
incorrect storage

50
Q

where does the amalgam come from

A

from prep
removal
polishing
placement of amalgam

51
Q

when was the highest merucry level recorded

A

1980

52
Q

what was the level of mercury in 1980

A

19.5 micrograms/ litre

53
Q

what was the level of mercury in 1986

A

6.7micrograms/litre

54
Q

what factors are looked at when measuring the biological response of the material

A

the location

the duration the stress thats placed on the material

55
Q

what tests are used to measure biocompatibility

A

the in vitro test
the animal test
and the usage test

56
Q

where are intro tests carried out

A

outside an organism in a test tube or dish

57
Q

what is the material placed in contact with

A

biological systems- mammalian cells or tissues

58
Q

advantages of in vinto test

A 
controllable 
isolation 
repeatable 
fast cheap 
simple
59
Q

disadvantages of in vitro test

A

provide misleading results

60
Q

how do you carry out a usage test

A

place into intact organsims

61
Q

which organisms is used

A 
rats 
mice 
hamsters 
ferrets 
guinea pigs
62
Q

advantage of usage tests

A

most relevant test

63
Q

what is it called when a usage test is carried out on a human

A

clinical trials

64
Q

disadvantages of usage tests

A 
expensive 
time consuming
hard to control 
hard to interpret results 
legal and ethical issues
65
Q

FDA

A

food drug administration

66
Q

ANSI

A

american national standard institute

67
Q

ISO

A

international standards organisation

68
Q

things to consider when we need a filling

A

systemic health
patients habits
expectations
dynamic relationship between the host function and material

CSA SR (52 decks)

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