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CSA SR > Microbiology of caries 2 > Flashcards

Microbiology of caries 2 Flashcards

compare current hypothesis relating plaque to caries understand rationale against preventative strategies

1
Q

what is kochs posulates

A

Koch’s postulates (/ˈkɔːx/) are four criteria designed to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease.

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2
Q

is dental caries or gingivitis transferred between person to person

A

No

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3
Q

is the pathogen present in health in dental caries or ginigitivitis

A

yes/often

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4
Q

does the pathogen satisfy kochs posulates in caries or gingivitis

A

no

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5
Q

does the pathogen produce virulence factors in caries and gingivitis

A

no

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6
Q

how are conventional diseases transmitted

A

Sneezing, coughing, through air and water droplets

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7
Q

do conventional disease meet kochs posulates

A

yes

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8
Q

what is dental disease described as

A

dysbiosis of the resident oral microbiota

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9
Q

where do the cariogenic bacteria in the biofilm come from

A

two hypothesis

  1. transmission eg from mother to baby
  2. the harmful pathogens are present even in health but in such low numbers that its not clinically relevant
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10
Q

how does dysbiosis occur
What does it cause

A

Major ecological pressure
Alters competitiveness

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11
Q

what are the 3 major ecological changes that take place for caries to occur

A

regular sugar attacks
reduced saliva
acidic pH

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12
Q

when might people have reduced saliva flow

A

elderly people due to medication

or head and neck radiotherapy

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13
Q

what are the key features of cariogenic bacteria

A

acid producing

tolerating acid

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14
Q

what are some examples of cariogenic bacteria

A

MS
lactobacilli
bifidobacterium
scardovia

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15
Q

what are the three plaque hypothesis

A

specific
non specific
ecological plaque hypothesis

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16
Q

what is the specific plaque hypothesis

A

only one or two bacteria contribute to caries

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17
Q

describe non specific hypothesis

A

many species have a role in caries production

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18
Q

what is the ecological plaque hypothesis

A

Disease can be inhibited or prevented by controlling the ecological factors which can influence the shift of species growth in the oral microbiota (dysbiosis)
we can also promote symbiosis

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19
Q

what is specificity in disease found in

A

microbial function

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20
Q

describe the ecological plaque hypothesis

A

many species can contribute

21
Q

caries is preventable by

A

direct inhibition of causative organisms
maintenance of natural balance
interfering the ecological shifts to stop the shift in bacteria

22
Q

what shifts are involved with causing caries

A

increased sugar frequency
more acid attacks
more time at low pH
shift in the bacterial load
=> health shifts to caries

23
Q

what are the forms of sucrose that are found in the

A
  • sticky slime (extracellular polysaccharides)
  • food reserves made from XS sugar (intracellular polysaccharides)
  • fermentation process- lactic acid or other acids which acidifies the pH
24
Q

what are the bacteria associated with gum disease - in the mixed culture

A

F nucleatum
P gingivalis
P nigrescens

25
Q

what bacteria are associated with health - in the mixed culture

A 
S gordonii
S oralis
A naeslundii
N subflava 
V dispar
26
Q

what bacteria are associated with disease - in the mixed culture

A

S mutans

L caesi

27
Q

what could we alter when carrying out the experiment

A

the sugar content

and the pH

28
Q

describe the experiment which models the oral biota

A

beneficial bacteria growing on agar plate
pH of 7
strep mutans
L caesi were both only at 1% in the population and non competitive

29
Q

what were the results when glucose was pulsed in and pH was constant

A

nothing happened as the beneficial bacteria are growing and are more competitive than the disease bacteria

30
Q

what were the results when glucose was pulsed in and pH was not constant

A

low pH

healthy species was reduced and the cariogenic bacteria increased to more than 50%

31
Q

what is the relationship between pH and % of cariogenic bacteria

A

inverse relationship

32
Q

what happens the lower the pH of the mouth

A

the more competitive the bacteria and greater % of cariogenic bacteria

33
Q

what happens when fluoride is added

A

it slows down the acid production

34
Q

what are the approaches for controlling dental caries

A 
plaque control-brushing floss
fluoride
sugar substitutes
antimicrobial and anti plaque 
modify the microbiota
vaccination
passive immunisation
35
Q

what does fluoride do

A

it can enter the cell and inhibit glycolysis

stops the pH falling that much so disease causing bacteria cannot grow

36
Q

give examples of sugar substitutes

A

bulking agents- sorbitol and xylitol

intense sweeteners - saccharin and aspartame

37
Q

how do we control dental caries

A 
bulking agents 
intense sweeteners 
weakly metabolised in acid
stimulate saliva flow
weak antimicrobial activity
38
Q

what is the gold standard of antimicrobial, anti MS, anti plaque mouthwash

A

chlorhexidine- only used for a short period eg 7 days

in the mouth for 1-2 mins

39
Q

why is triclosan phased out

A

found in the environment eg in polar bear cells

40
Q

what is the pathway of fluroide ions

A

forms HF and shoots across the extracellular membrane. once enters the cell splits into H and F and the fluoride inhibits glycolysis enzyme pathway

41
Q

what does streptococcus dentisani do

A

arginolytic

42
Q

what does streptococcus A12 do

A

bacteriocin inhibits MS

43
Q

how do we modify the microbiota

A

replacement therapy
genetically modified strep mutans introduced to kids and removed the enzyme that leads to lactic acid production and inhibits natural strep mutans

44
Q

what are prebiotics

A

molecules that stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria eg arginine in toothpaste

45
Q

what is the full immune response found in the mouth

A

SIgA, IgG,neutrophils and complement

46
Q

what are vaccines based on

A

whole cell
glucosyltransferases
cell wall associated proteins

47
Q

examples of passive immunity

A

coat surfaces with antibodies or synthetic body fragments

48
Q

advantage of passive immunity

A

safe acceptable
non invasive
no cross reaction with human tissues
no side effects

CSA SR (52 decks)

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