Systemic Physiology B Flashcards
The proventriculus of birds is homologous to what of ruminants?
a. abomasum
b. reticulum
c. rumen
d. omasum
Abomasum
Auerbach’s plexus can be found in the:
a. t. submucosa
b. lamina propria
c. t. serosa
d. t. muscularis
T. muscularis
The parasympathetic innervation of the upper GIT is carried in the:
a.pudendal nerve
b.vagus nerve
c. sacral nerve
d. pelvic nerve
Vagus nerve
This hormone is responsible for stimulating the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC).
a. motilin
b. secretin
c. enteroglucagon
d. peptide YY
Motilin
What are slow waves?
a. Undulating action potentials that directly cause muscle contraction.
b. Spontaneous, slow, transient depolarization that are considered as true action potential.
c. Transient depolarization that occurs at the period of maximum depolarization.
d. None of the choices.
None of the choices
What is segmentation?
a. A result of intermittent circular muscle contractions occurring at different sites on the segment.
b. A moving wave of luminal constriction preceded distally by an area of luminal distension.
c. A reflex wherein proximal to the bolus, there is distension and distal to the bolus there is constriction of muscles.
d. none of the choices
A result of intermittent circular muscle contractions occurring at different sites on the segment
Carnivores have well-developed and larger _______muscle to allow powerful upward movement of jaw while herbivores have larger _______ muscle to allow side to side jaw motion.
a. masseter; temporalis
b. temporalis; masseter
c. zygomaticus; buccinator
d. buccinator ; zygomaticus
Temporalis; Masseter
Which of the following is an incorrect pair of cells and their secretion?
a. parietal cells – HCl
b. ECL cells - histamine
c. chief cells – intrinsic factor
d. mucous neck cells – secrete mucus
Chief cells – intrinsic factor
Hydrogen ions are secreted from the parietal cells of the stomach by:
a. passive diffusion
b. hydrogen-potassium exchange pump
c. hydrogen-chloride symport
d. integral part of sodium pump
hydrogen-potassium exchange pump
What is the most essential agent for stimulation of secretion of HCl by the parietal cells?
a. gastrin
b. acetylcholine
c. cholecystokinin
d. histamine
Histamine
Which among of the following stimulate the release of HCL:
a. gastrin and acetylcholine
b. pepsin and histamine
c. pepsin and gastrin
d. somatostatin and gastrin
Gastrin and acetylcholine
Which of the following is the final site of enzymatic digestion and absorption of carbohydrates?
a. large intestine
b. small intestine
c. stomach
d. mouth
Small intestine
The form by which fats are extruded into intercellular spaces and into the central lacteal of the intestinal villus.
a. chylomicrons
b. chyle
c. micelles
d. chyme
Chylomicrons
It is the hormone that stimulates gall bladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion.
a. GIP
b. secretin
c. cholecystokinin
d. motilin
Cholecystokinin
This digestive secretion does not contain a digestive enzyme:
a. bile
b. gastric secretion
c. pancreatic juice
d. salivary secretion
Bile
It has a distinctive “honeycomb” appearance and helps bring
boluses back up to the mouth for rechewing.
a. rumen
b. omasum
c. abomasum
d. reticulum
Reticulum
The VFA that is converted to ketone body during absorption is _____, while the gluconeogenic VFA is_____.
a. acetic acid; propionic acid
b. butyric acid; propionic acid
c. lactic acid; butyric acid
d. propionic acid; lactic acid
Butyric acid; propionic acid
Microbial synthesis of all B-vitamins is possible in ruminants, provided that _____ is adequate for Vit. B 12 cyanocobalamin) synthesis
a. iron ‘
b. flavoproteins
c. titanium
d. cobalt
Cobalt
Which of the following does not cause frothy bloat?
a. Foaming agents such as soluble leaf proteins, saponins,
and hemicelluloses.
b. Reduced saliva production in the presence of succulent
forages.
c. Physical obstruction of eructation due to foreign body.
d. Grazing on legume or legume dominant pastures.
Physical obstruction of eructation due to foreign body
ATP binds with which of the following ions to exert its biological function?
a. magnesium
b. calcium
c. sodium
d. cobalt
Magnesium
The chemical reaction involved in turning NAD into NADH is called:
a. reduction
b. oxidation
c. hydrolysis
d. deamination
Reduction
What happens immediately after glycolysis?
a. Pyruvate directly enters the Krebs cycle.
b. Pyruvate enters the nucleus and facilitates protein metabolism.
c. In the cytosol, pyruvate is immediately converted into
acetyl co-A
d. Pyruvate is transported into mitochondria and is converted to acetyl co-A
Pyruvate is transported into mitochondria and is converted to acetyl co-A
Which vitamin is a co-enzyme of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the one responsible for converting pyruvic acid into acetyl coA?
a. vitamin K
b. vitamin C
c. vitamin B1
d. vitamin A
Vitamin B1
It is a product of beta oxidation of fatty acids. This product can enter the Krebs cycle for energy production.
a. acetyl coA
b. stearic acid
c. acetone
d. alphaketone acids
Acetyl coA
Which of the following is true about lipoproteins?
a. HDL is the biggest and densest among the lipoproteins.
b. Chylomicrons transport FAs out of the liver into the adipose for storage.
c. VLDL carries cholesterol away from peripheral tissue to the liver.
d. HDL has higher percentage of proteins and smaller amount of lipids.
HDL has higher percentage of proteins and smaller amount of lipids.
Which of the following metabolites can cause poisoning if not removed from the body?
a. ammonia
b. urea
c. albumin
d. creatine
Ammonia
This type of heat exchange involves the transfer of heat by
electromagnetic waves.
a. conduction
b. convection
c. radiation
d. concoction
Radiation
Which is not a temperature-decreasing mechanism?
a. vasodilation
b. sweating
c. panting
d. none of the choices
None of the choices
What involves the oxidation of fat in brown adipose to
increase heat production?
a. nonshivering thermogenesis
b. shivering thermogenesis
c. gular fluttering
d. hibernation
Nonshivering thermogenesis
Which of the following does not accurately describe renal pelvis?
a. It conveys the urine from kidneys into the ureters.
b. It acts like a funnel.
c. The renal pelvis is dilated proximal part of the ureter in the kidney.
d. Porcine and bovine species have prominent renal pelvis.
Porcine and bovine species have prominent renal pelvis
Specialized cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus that
monitor NaCl in the tubular fluid are called:
a. mesangial cells
b. juxtaglomerular cells
c. macula densa
d. dendritic cells
Macula densa
Most of the tubular reabsorption in the nephron happens in what segment?
a. loop of Henle
b. PCT
c. DCT
d. glomerulus
PCT
Glucose, vitamins, and amino acids are reabsorbed in the
apical surface of renal tubules via what mechanism?
a. Na-cotransport
b. facilitated diffusion
c. osmosis
d. adsorption
Na-cotransport
The capillary bed supplying the loop of Henle in the medulla is
termed as _______. This forms long straight loops that run
parallel to the loops of Henle of the juxtamedullary nephron.
a. vasa recta
b. peritubular capillary
c. arcuate artery
d. interlobular veins
Vasa recta
Which of the following pressure favors filtration?
a. glomerular pressure
b. bowman’s capsule
pressure
c. colloid osmotic pressure
d. all of the choices
Glomerular pressure
The stage of urine formation where in substances are transported from the peritubular capillaries into the interstitial fluid and then into tubular lumen.
a. tubular secretion
b. tubular reabsorption
c. glomerular filtration
d. countercurrent
mechanism
Tubular secretion
When body fluids become dilute, what will happen?
a. There will be increased secretion of ADH to facilitate
concentration of body fluids.
b. There will be inhibition of ADH secretion to facilitate water
excretion.
c. There will be decreased ADH secretion to facilitate water
conservation.
d. None of the choices.
There will be inhibition of ADH secretion to facilitate water
excretion.
Statement 1: The descending limb is permeable to solutes but not to water.
Statement 2: The tubular fluid in the descending limb of the loop of Henle is hyperosmotic
a. Both statements are true
b. Both statements are false
c. Statement 1: true, Statement 2: false
d. Statement 1: false, Statement 2: true
Statement 1: false, Statement 2: true
What part of the nephron does countercurrent mechanism
occur?
a. collecting duct
b. PCT
c. DCT
d. loop of Henle
Loop of Henle
In ______, there is repetitive reabsorption of NaCl by the thick ascending loop of Henle, along with continual inflow of new NaCl from PCT.
a. countercurrent multiplier
b. countercurrent exchanger
c. countercurrent maximizer
d. juxtamedullary mechanism
Countercurrent multiplier
What directly triggers renin release?
a. high blood pressure
b. low blood pressure
c. high NaCl in ECF
d. low NaCl in ECF
Low blood pressure
Which of the following is NOT directly involved in correcting
hypotension through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system?
a. renin
b. angiotensin I
c. angiotensin II
d. aldosterone
Angiotensin I
It is the fluid found in body cavities such as intraocular,
cerebrospinal, synovial, urine, bile, fluids of digestive tract,
and peritoneal pericardial fluid.
a. intracellular fluid
b. transcellular fluid
c. interstitial fluid
d. intravascular fluid
Transcellular fluid
The correct formula for indirectly determining the ICF volume:
a. TBW – ECF = ICF
b. ECF – TBW = ICF
c. ISF + IVF = ICF
d. TCF – ISF = ICF
TBW – ECF = ICF
Normally, the first defense against changes in blood pH is the blood buffers. However, the ultimate adjustment is
accomplished by the:
a. lungs and kidneys
b. brain and heart
c. lungs and liver
d. liver and kidneys
Lungs and kidneys
This protein buffer system operates mostly within cells. It is
an important blood buffer because the residue histidine has a pKa close to that of blood pH.
a. bilirubin
b. hyocin
c. albumin
d. hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
When there is respiratory acidosis;
a. the CO2 in the body increases and it is compensated by hyperventilation.
b. the CO2 in the body increases and it is compensated by renal excretion of H+ ions.
c. there is decreased H+ in the body and it is compensated by
renal excretion of H+ ions.
d. there is increased H+ in the body and it is compensated by
hypoventilation.
The CO2 in the body increases and it is compensated by renal excretion of H+ ions.
When there is metabolic alkalosis;
a. there is a rise in HCO3 and the body compensates
through hyperventilation
b. there is a rise in HCO3 and the body compensates
through hypoventilation
c. there is a drop in HCO3 and the body compensates
through hyperventilation
d. there is a drop in HCO3 and the body compensates
through hypoventilation
There is a rise in HCO3 and the body compensates
through hypoventilation
Which is true about metabolic acidosis?
a. It is a primary CO2 excess.
b. It is a primary HCO3 deficit.
c. Caused by gastric vomiting.
d. none of the choices.
It is a primary HCO3 deficit
