Physiology ToS questions A Flashcards
Description of the parts and components and function of eukaryotic cell
What are the general parts of the eukaryotic cell? (7)
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Mitochindria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Endo and exocytotic vesicles
Lysozomes
Part of the cell that serves as the source of genetic materials like genes, DNA and chromosome. Contains the nucleolus which consists of densely packed chrosome regions together with some proteins and RNA strands
Nucleus
Contains membrane-bound organelles, ribosome for synthesizing cytoplasmic proteins, cytoskeleton and cytosol
Cytoplasm
This is the fluid part of the cytoplasm that contains many enzymes
Cytosol
Found in the cytoplasm and serves as the framework for the cells and provide basis of movement for the entire cells
Cytoskeleton
What are the major types of cytoskeleton? (3)
Microtubules
Intermediate filament
Actin filament
One of the three major types of cytoskeleton that is the largest
Microtubules
One of the three major types of cytoskeleton that is the medium sized
Intermediate filament
One of the three major types of cytoskeleton that is the smallest
Actin filament
This is one of the 7 general parts of the cell which is membrane-bound that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the by this part of the cell is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Mitochondria
What process happens for the mitochondria produce ATP?
By oxidative phosphorylation
Where in the mitochondria does oxidative ATP synthesis occur?
In the inner membrane
What are the keypoints to remember for oxidative phosphorylation in production of ATP? (Where and how[3])
Where:Inner membrane (matrix)
How:[1]Transfer of protein known as electron transport chain. [2]Pumping of hydrogen ions across the membrane due to ETC. [3]Creation of proton gradient
This is the driving force behind ATP synthesis
Proton gradient
Give the most basic summary of ATP production in the mitochondria (6)
-In the mitochondria inner membrane (matrix)
-Citric acid cycle
-Electron transport chain
-Proton pumping
-ATP synthesis
-ATP release
What are the keypoints to remember for glycolysis in production of ATP? (Where and how[3])
Where:Cytosol
How:Converts glucose into pyruvate using enzymecatalyzed reactions
Give the most basic summary of what happens in glycolysis for pyruvate production (9)
-Glucose phosphorylation
-Phosphoglucose isomerase
-Aldolase
-Triosephosphate isomerase
-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
-Phosphogylycerate kinase
-Phosphogylycerate mutase
-Enolase
-Pyruvate kinase
Give the most basic summary of what happens in citric acid cycle for ATP production (3)
-Glycolysis:pyruvate~>Acetyl CoA
-Acetyl CoA enters in the mitochondrial matrix
=NADH and FADH2 by products
Give the most basic summary of what happens in electron transport chain for ATP production (3)
-NADH and FADH2 passes through the mitochondrial inner membrane
-via complexes that transfers electrons to the next
=Oxygen reduction to water
Give the most basic summary of what happens in proton pumping for ATP production (2)
-Electron from ETC causes hydrogen ions to be pumped across the membrane
-Mitrochondrial matrix and intermembrane space will have proton gradient between them
This is the process that happens during oxydative phosphorylation where electron carriers like NADH and FADH donate electrons to the electron transport chain. The electrons cause conformation changes in the shapes of the proteins to pump H+ across a selectively permeable cell membrane. The uneven distribution of H+ ions across the membrane establishes both concentration and electrical gradients (thus, an electrochemical gradient) owing to the hydrogen ions’ positive charge and their aggregation on one side of the membrane.
Chemiosmosis
Give the most basic summary of what happens in ATP synthesis after proton pumping (2)
-Because of the proton gradient, protons flows back across the membrane though enzyme ATP synthase
=Phosphorylation of ADP ~> ATP
Give the most basic summary of what happens in ATP release (2)
-New ATP goes in the mitochondrial matrix
~>cytosol
This is one of the 7 general parts of the cell which is a network of tubes and flattened sacs that formed a membrane distributed throughout the cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum
There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
One of the two types of ER which has a granular appearance due to ribosome
Rough ER
One of the two types of ER that is responsible for synthesis of proteins for organelles, cell membrane or secretions to cell exterior (example:hormones)
Rough ER
One of the two types of ER which has no attached ribosomes
Smooth ER
One of the two types of ER which participates in lipid metabolism, also serves in detoxification of drug and deactivation of steroid hormone
Smooth ER
This is one of the 7 general parts of the cell which are sets of smooth membranes flattened and fluid filled sacs.
Golgi apparatus
This is one of the 7 general parts of the cell that modifies, sorts, packages proteins for delivery to other organelles or to cell exterior
Golgi apparatus
This is one of the 7 general parts of the cell which membrane-enclosed vesicles that travel on the cytoplasm of the cells
Endocytotic and Exocytotic vesicles
This term is under the two types of intracellular vesicles that are actually secretions or movement of vesicles containing proteins from inside of the cells going out. In this action, vesicular membrane fuse with the plasma membrane rather than budding off.
Exocytosis
This term is under the two types of intracellular vesicles that are actually secretions or movement of material from exterior of the cell going in. In this action, the plasma membrane buds off rather than fusing.
Endocytosis
The term under endocytosis which is the action of cells engulfing large molecules
Phagocytosis
The term under endocytosis which is the action of cells engulfing small molecules
Pinocytosis
This is one of the 7 general parts of the cell which is a membrane-bound vesicle that contains enzymes for digesting particles, damaged organelles and bacteria that have access to cells via endocytosis
Lysosomes
The cell membrane if composed of lipid bilayer called phospholipids that has a dual structure, a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. Where does the head face?
Outside and inside the cells
What are the embedded on cell membranes that may serve as filter, gates or others that controls the movement of molecules inside and outside of the cells made up of?
Proteins and glycoproteins
Theses are embedded Proteins with attached carbohydrates
Glycoproteins
What are the 3 ways that filters, gates, etc. are embedded on the surface of a cell membrane?
-Transverse across the entire cell membrane
-Confined on one side of the cell membrane
-Only in the external surface of the cells
Generally, what are the two types of membrane transport proteins?
Uniports
Co-transports
This is one of the two types of membrane transport protein that transport one specific solute from one side of the membrane to another
Uniports
This is one of the two types of membrane transport protein that transport two or more solutes across the cell membrane
Co-transports
What are the two subtypes of co-transports?
Symports
Antiports
What is the difference between symports and antiports?
Symports:transports two solutes to the same side
Antiports:transports one solute to each opposite sides
What are the three major transport mechanisms that occur in plasma membrane?
Passive transport
Active transport
Special mechanisms (2)
What are the three mechanism under passive transport that occurs in plasma membrane?
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
What are the three mechanism under active transport that occurs in plasma membrane?
Primary active transport
Secondary active transport
Exocytosis
What are the two mechanism under special mechanism that occurs in plasma membrane?
Vectorial metabolism
Osmoregulation
These are transport systems that pump a specific ionic species in preference to others which leads to a net charge transfer
Electrogenic pumps
