Physiology ToS questions A

Question 1

What are the general parts of the eukaryotic cell? (7)

Answer 1

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Mitochindria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Endo and exocytotic vesicles
Lysozomes

Question 2

Part of the cell that serves as the source of genetic materials like genes, DNA and chromosome. Contains the nucleolus which consists of densely packed chrosome regions together with some proteins and RNA strands

Answer 2

Nucleus

Question 3

Contains membrane-bound organelles, ribosome for synthesizing cytoplasmic proteins, cytoskeleton and cytosol

Answer 3

Cytoplasm

Question 4

This is the fluid part of the cytoplasm that contains many enzymes

Answer 4

Cytosol

Question 5

Found in the cytoplasm and serves as the framework for the cells and provide basis of movement for the entire cells

Answer 5

Cytoskeleton

Question 6

What are the major types of cytoskeleton? (3)

Answer 6

Microtubules
Intermediate filament
Actin filament

Question 7

One of the three major types of cytoskeleton that is the largest

Answer 7

Microtubules

Question 8

One of the three major types of cytoskeleton that is the medium sized

Answer 8

Intermediate filament

Question 9

One of the three major types of cytoskeleton that is the smallest

Answer 9

Actin filament

Question 10

This is one of the 7 general parts of the cell which is membrane-bound that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the by this part of the cell is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Answer 10

Mitochondria

Question 11

What process happens for the mitochondria produce ATP?

Answer 11

By oxidative phosphorylation

Question 12

Where in the mitochondria does oxidative ATP synthesis occur?

Answer 12

In the inner membrane

Question 13

What are the keypoints to remember for oxidative phosphorylation in production of ATP? (Where and how[3])

Answer 13

Where:Inner membrane (matrix)
How:[1]Transfer of protein known as electron transport chain. [2]Pumping of hydrogen ions across the membrane due to ETC. [3]Creation of proton gradient

Question 14

This is the driving force behind ATP synthesis

Answer 14

Proton gradient

Question 15

Give the most basic summary of ATP production in the mitochondria (6)

Answer 15

-In the mitochondria inner membrane (matrix)
-Citric acid cycle
-Electron transport chain
-Proton pumping
-ATP synthesis
-ATP release

Question 16

What are the keypoints to remember for glycolysis in production of ATP? (Where and how[3])

Answer 16

Where:Cytosol
How:Converts glucose into pyruvate using enzymecatalyzed reactions

Question 17

Give the most basic summary of what happens in glycolysis for pyruvate production (9)

Answer 17

-Glucose phosphorylation
-Phosphoglucose isomerase
-Aldolase
-Triosephosphate isomerase
-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
-Phosphogylycerate kinase
-Phosphogylycerate mutase
-Enolase
-Pyruvate kinase

Question 18

Give the most basic summary of what happens in citric acid cycle for ATP production (3)

Answer 18

-Glycolysis:pyruvate~>Acetyl CoA
-Acetyl CoA enters in the mitochondrial matrix
=NADH and FADH2 by products

Question 19

Give the most basic summary of what happens in electron transport chain for ATP production (3)

Answer 19

-NADH and FADH2 passes through the mitochondrial inner membrane
-via complexes that transfers electrons to the next
=Oxygen reduction to water

Question 20

Give the most basic summary of what happens in proton pumping for ATP production (2)

Answer 20

-Electron from ETC causes hydrogen ions to be pumped across the membrane
-Mitrochondrial matrix and intermembrane space will have proton gradient between them

Question 21

This is the process that happens during oxydative phosphorylation where electron carriers like NADH and FADH donate electrons to the electron transport chain. The electrons cause conformation changes in the shapes of the proteins to pump H+ across a selectively permeable cell membrane. The uneven distribution of H+ ions across the membrane establishes both concentration and electrical gradients (thus, an electrochemical gradient) owing to the hydrogen ions’ positive charge and their aggregation on one side of the membrane.

Answer 21

Chemiosmosis

Question 22

Give the most basic summary of what happens in ATP synthesis after proton pumping (2)

Answer 22

-Because of the proton gradient, protons flows back across the membrane though enzyme ATP synthase
=Phosphorylation of ADP ~> ATP

Question 23

Give the most basic summary of what happens in ATP release (2)

Answer 23

-New ATP goes in the mitochondrial matrix
~>cytosol

Question 24

This is one of the 7 general parts of the cell which is a network of tubes and flattened sacs that formed a membrane distributed throughout the cytoplasm

Answer 24

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 25

There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 25

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 26

One of the two types of ER which has a granular appearance due to ribosome

Answer 26

Rough ER

Question 27

One of the two types of ER that is responsible for synthesis of proteins for organelles, cell membrane or secretions to cell exterior (example:hormones)

Answer 27

Rough ER

Question 28

One of the two types of ER which has no attached ribosomes

Answer 28

Smooth ER

Question 29

One of the two types of ER which participates in lipid metabolism, also serves in detoxification of drug and deactivation of steroid hormone

Answer 29

Smooth ER

Question 30

This is one of the 7 general parts of the cell which are sets of smooth membranes flattened and fluid filled sacs.

Answer 30

Golgi apparatus

Question 31

This is one of the 7 general parts of the cell that modifies, sorts, packages proteins for delivery to other organelles or to cell exterior

Answer 31

Golgi apparatus

Question 32

This is one of the 7 general parts of the cell which membrane-enclosed vesicles that travel on the cytoplasm of the cells

Answer 32

Endocytotic and Exocytotic vesicles

Question 33

This term is under the two types of intracellular vesicles that are actually secretions or movement of vesicles containing proteins from inside of the cells going out. In this action, vesicular membrane fuse with the plasma membrane rather than budding off.

Answer 33

Exocytosis

Question 34

This term is under the two types of intracellular vesicles that are actually secretions or movement of material from exterior of the cell going in. In this action, the plasma membrane buds off rather than fusing.

Answer 34

Endocytosis

Question 35

The term under endocytosis which is the action of cells engulfing large molecules

Answer 35

Phagocytosis

Question 36

The term under endocytosis which is the action of cells engulfing small molecules

Answer 36

Pinocytosis

Question 37

This is one of the 7 general parts of the cell which is a membrane-bound vesicle that contains enzymes for digesting particles, damaged organelles and bacteria that have access to cells via endocytosis

Answer 37

Lysosomes

Question 38

The cell membrane if composed of lipid bilayer called phospholipids that has a dual structure, a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. Where does the head face?

Answer 38

Outside and inside the cells

Question 39

What are the embedded on cell membranes that may serve as filter, gates or others that controls the movement of molecules inside and outside of the cells made up of?

Answer 39

Proteins and glycoproteins

Question 40

Theses are embedded Proteins with attached carbohydrates

Answer 40

Glycoproteins

Question 41

What are the 3 ways that filters, gates, etc. are embedded on the surface of a cell membrane?

Answer 41

-Transverse across the entire cell membrane -Confined on one side of the cell membrane -Only in the external surface of the cells

Question 42

Generally, what are the two types of membrane transport proteins?

Answer 42

Uniports Co-transports

Question 43

This is one of the two types of membrane transport protein that transport one specific solute from one side of the membrane to another

Answer 43

Uniports

Question 44

This is one of the two types of membrane transport protein that transport two or more solutes across the cell membrane

Answer 44

Co-transports

Question 45

What are the two subtypes of co-transports?

Answer 45

Symports Antiports

Question 46

What is the difference between symports and antiports?

Answer 46

Symports:transports two solutes to the same side Antiports:transports one solute to each opposite sides

Question 47

What are the three major transport mechanisms that occur in plasma membrane?

Answer 47

Passive transport Active transport Special mechanisms (2)

Question 48

What are the three mechanism under passive transport that occurs in plasma membrane?

Answer 48

Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis

Question 49

What are the three mechanism under active transport that occurs in plasma membrane?

Answer 49

Primary active transport Secondary active transport Exocytosis

Question 50

What are the two mechanism under special mechanism that occurs in plasma membrane?

Answer 50

Vectorial metabolism Osmoregulation

Question 51

These are transport systems that pump a specific ionic species in preference to others which leads to a net charge transfer

Answer 51

Electrogenic pumps