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2 Reviewer A - Veterinary Physiology > General Physiology > Flashcards

General Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Local homeostatic responses involve the following EXCEPT:
a.Stimulus-response sequences
b.Nerve and hormones
c.Occurs only in the area of the stimulus
d.All of the above

A

Nerve and hormones

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2
Q

This is the component which implements the appropriate responses is the:
a.Sensor
b.Integrating center
c.Effector
d.Medium of control

A

Effector

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3
Q

When room temperature decreases, the following homeostatic responses occur EXCEPT:
a. Decreased sweating
b.Constriction of skin blood vessels
c. Decreased heat production
d.Increased body temperature

A

Increased body temperature

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4
Q

Which of the following is NOT TRUE of homeostatic control system?
a.Stability of an internal environmental variable is achieved by balanced inputs and outputs
b.In negative feedback systems, a change in the variable being regulated bring about responses that tend to push the variable back toward the original value
c. Homeostatic control system always maintain complete constancy of any given feature of the internal environment
d.In homeostasis, the constancy of certain variables is altered to maintain others relatively constant

A

Homeostatic control system always maintain complete constancy of any given feature of the internal environment

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5
Q

Which of the following is NOT TRUE of feed forward regulation?
a.Used by biological systems separated from negative feedback mechanism
b.Anticipates changes in a regulated variable
c. Improves the speed of the body’s homeostatic responses
d.Minimizes the fluctuations in the level of the variable being regulated

A

Used by biological systems separated from negative feedback mechanism

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6
Q

Which of the following is NOT TRUE of acclimatization?
a. Involve changes in genetic endowment
b.Enhanced with prolonged exposure to stress
c.May be reversible or irreversible
d.Involve certain maximal limit

A

Involve changes in genetic endowment

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7
Q

Which of the following is TRUE about the membrane lipids?
a.The major membrane lipid is glycolipid containing a glycogen backbone with fatty acyl chains
b.The hydrophobic heads of the lipid bilayer is oriented externally facing the polar water
c. Cholesterol form clusters in between the phospholipids making it more fluid
d.The glycolipids undergo transverse diffusion, lateral diffusion and rotation as a result of the fluid nature of the plasma membrane

A

Cholesterol form clusters in between the phospholipids making it more fluid

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8
Q

Which of the following function of the membrane is attributed to cell junctions and adhesion molecules?
a.Cell recognition
b.Tissue organization
c.Enzymatic activity
d.Cell shape determination

A

Tissue organization

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9
Q

Which of the following is shared by simple diffusion of sodium and facilitated diffusion of glucose?
a.Occurs down an electrochemical gradient
b.Is saturable
c.Requires metabolic energy
d.Requires a Na+ gradient

A

Occurs down an electrochemical gradient

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10
Q

Which of the following would occur as a result of the inhibition of Na+, K+, ATPase?
a. Decreased intracellular Na+ concentration
b.Increased intracellular K+ concentration
c. Increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration
d.Increased Na+-Ca2+ exchange

A

Increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration

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11
Q

Which of the following transport processes is involved if transport of glucose from the intestinal lumen into a small intestinal cell is inhibited by abolishing the usual Na+ gradient across the cell membrane?
a.Facilitated diffusion
b.Primary active transport
c. Cotransport
d.Countertransport

A

Cotransport

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12
Q

What change/s occur when red blood cells are placed in a
hypertonic solution?
a.Red blood cells gain water
b.Red blood cells lose water and shrink
c.Red blood cells neither gain nor lose water
d.Concentration of sodium increases within the cells

A

Red blood cells lose water and shrink

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13
Q

The following are normal components of alternately opening and closing channels, EXCEPT?
a.Activation and inactivation gates
b.Selectivity filter
c.Sensors
d.Inhibitors

A

Inhibitors

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14
Q

All of the following processes can move substances out of a cell EXCEPT:
a.Exocytosis
b.Simple diffusion
c.Active transport
d.Phagocytosis

A

Phagocytosis

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15
Q

This type of membrane transport system uses the energy due to the chemical gradient of an ion diffusing down its gradient to transport another ion with it.
a. Diffusion
b.Osmosis
c.Primary active transport
d.Secondary active transport

A

Secondary active transport

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16
Q

Which of the following integral membrane proteins that functions to carry water-soluble substances does not have any regulatory component?
a.Pores
b.Channels
c. Carriers
d.Pumps

A

Pores

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17
Q

This is the pressure present in the membrane, which should be
overcome so that osmosis will not occur.
a.Osmotic pressure
b.Colloid pressure
c.Oncotic pressure
d.Hydrostatic pressure

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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18
Q

The repolarization phase of the action potential occurs because:
a.Voltage-gated Na+ ion channels open
b.Voltage-gated K+ ion channels open
c.Voltage-gated Ca+ ion channels open
d.Voltage-gated Cl+ ion channels open

A

Voltage-gated K+ ion channels open

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19
Q

During the upstroke of the nerve action potential:
a.There is net outward current and the cell interior becomes
more negative
b.There is net outward current and the cell interior becomes less negative
c.There is net inward current and the cell interior becomes more negative
d.There is net inward

A

There is net outward current and the cell interior becomes less negative

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20
Q

During a nerve action potential, a stimulus is delivered as indicated by the arrow shown in the following figure. In response to the stimulus, a second action potential:
a.Of normal magnitude will occur
b.Of normal magnitude will occur but will be delayed
c.Will occur but will not have an overshoot
d.Will not occur

A

Will not occur

21
Q

The velocity of conduction of action potentials along a nerve will be increased by:
a.Stimulating the Na+-K+ pump
b.Inhibiting the Na+-K+ pump
c. Decreasing the diameter of the nerve
d.Myelinating the nerve

A

Myelinating the nerve

22
Q

The correct temporal sequence for events at the neuromuscular
junction is:
a.Action potential in the motor nerve; depolarization of the
muscle end plate; uptake of Ca2+ into the presynaptic terminal
b.Uptake of Ca2+ into the presynaptic terminal; release of
acetylcholine (Ach); depolarization of the muscle end plate
c.Release of Ach; action potential in the motor nerve; action potential in the muscle
d.Release of Ach; action potential in the muscle end plate; action potential in the nerve

A

Uptake of Ca2+ into the presynaptic terminal; release of
acetylcholine (Ach); depolarization of the muscle end plate

23
Q

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential:
a. Depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane by opening Na+ channels
b.Depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane by opening K+ channels
c. Hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane by opening Ca2+ channels
d.Hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane by opening Cl- channels

A

Hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane by opening Ca2+ channels

24
Q

Which of the following is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS)?
a.Norepinephrine
b.Glutamate
c.GABA
d.Serotonin

A

GABA

25
Q

An ionotropic receptors would have fast responses due to:
a. Immediate binding of ligand to the receptor
b.The receptor does not need any ligand for it to work
c.There is an anticipated change in response to movement of ions
d.Biochemical events trigger the influx of ions

A

Immediate binding of ligand to the receptor

26
Q

In a metabotropic receptor, the effector protein is found:
a. Inside of the cell stimulated by the receptor
b.Outside of the cell stimulated by the receptor
c. Inside of the cell stimulated by the channel
d.Outside of the cell stimulated by the channel

A

Inside of the cell stimulated by the receptor

27
Q

Bacilli toxin interferes with actions of SNARE proteins at excitatory synapses that activate muscles. Which of the following will result with botulisum?
a. Increased concentration of Ach in the motor-end plate
b.Prevents the release of Ach from the pre-synaptic membrane
c. Inhibition of Ach binding at the post-synaptic membrane
d.Increase degradation of Ach

A

Prevents the release of Ach from the pre-synaptic membrane

28
Q

Inhibition of acetylcholine esterase can lead to the following:
a. Desensitization of the muscles
b.Uncontrolled muscle contractions
c. Inhibition of acetylcholine release
d.Muscle paralysis

A

Uncontrolled muscle contractions

29
Q

Which of the following is not true with sodium channels?
a.At repolarization, sodium channel inactivation gate is closed while the activation gate is open
b.At depolarization sodium channel inactivation and activates gates are open
c.At resting potential, sodium channel inactivation gate is
opened while the activate gate is closed
d.At hyperpolarization, sodium channel inactivation gate is opened while the activate gate is opened

A

At hyperpolarization, sodium channel inactivation gate is opened while the activate gate is opened

30
Q

The resting membrane potential takes into consideration different ions but primarily, is closest to the potential of:
a.Sodium
b.Potassium
c. Calcium
d.Chloride

A

Chloride

31
Q

The ion that generally establishes the resting membrane potential is?
a.Sodium
b.Potassium
c. Calcium
d.Chloride

A

Potassium

32
Q

The following are TRUE for graded potentials except?
a. It has a threshold
b.It can be summed
c. Is only a depolarization
d.Depends on voltage-gated channels

A

It can be summed

33
Q

Which characteristic or component is shared by skeletal muscle and smooth muscle?
a.Thick and thin filaments arranged in sarcomeres
b.Troponin
c.Elevation of intracellular [Ca2+] for excitation-contraction coupling
d.Spontaneous depolarization of the membrane potential

A

Elevation of intracellular [Ca2+] for excitation-contraction
coupling

34
Q

Repeated stimulation of a skeletal muscle fiber causes a sustained contraction (tetanus). Accumulation of which solute in intracellular fluid is responsible for tetanus?
a.Sodium
b.Potassium
c.Magnesium
d.Calcium

A

Calcium

35
Q

At the muscle end plate, acetylcholine (Ach) causes the opening of:
a.Na+ channels and depolarization toward the Na+ equilibrium potential
b.K+ channels and depolarization toward the K+ equilibrium potential
c. Ca+ channels and depolarization toward the K+ equilibrium potential
d.Na+ and K+ channels and depolarization to a value halfway between the Na+ and K+ equilibrium potentials

A

Na+ channels and depolarization toward the Na+ equilibrium potential

36
Q

Which of the following causes rigor in skeletal muscle?
a.An increase in intracellular Ca2+ level
b.A decrease in intracellular Ca2+ level
c.An increase in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level
d.A decrease in ATP level

A

A decrease in ATP level

37
Q

In contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle, which of the
following events occurs after binding of Ca2+ to calmodulin?
a.Ca2+-induced Ca2+ released
b.Increased myosin-light chain kinase
c. Increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration
d.Opening of ligand-gated Ca+ channels

A

Increased myosin-light chain kinase

38
Q

This is the phase of muscle contraction in which there is a delay due to the excitation-contraction coupling.
a. Latent period
b.Contraction period
c.Relaxation period
d.Refractory period

A

Latent period

39
Q

The enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum near the T tubules are the:
a.Sarcolemma
b.Sarcomeres
c.Terminal cisternae
d.Tropomyosin molecules

A

Terminal cisternae

40
Q

Troponin is believed to play what role in the muscle contractile process?
a. It provides elastic tension during muscle contraction
b.It inactivates the binding site of actin during the resting state
c. Combination with myosin excites the activity of the power
stroke
d.Combination with calcium is believed to trigger muscle contraction

A

Combination with calcium is believed to trigger muscle contraction

41
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of skeletal muscles?
a.Striated appearance due to the presence of interdigitating
thick and thin filaments
b.With troponin where calcium will bind
c.With peripherally located nucleus
d.Myocytes are connected continuously via gap junctions

A

Myocytes are connected continuously via gap junctions

42
Q

This is voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel which is responsible to start the cascade of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum:
a.Calsequestrin
b.Triadin
c. Dihydropyridine receptor
d.Ryanodine receptor

A

Dihydropyridine receptor

43
Q

The following are methods of cytosolic calcium removal, EXCEPT:
a.Na-Ca2+ exchangers in the plasma membrane
b.Ca2+ pump in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
c.Binding to calsequestrin
d.Ca2+-ATPase pump in the plasma membrane

A

Ca2+-ATPase pump in the plasma membrane

44
Q

Which of the following best describe the function of ATP in skeletal muscles?
a.Stops the creation of the Na+ and K+ gradients to propagate
action potentials
b.Allows the regulation of calcium in the plasma membrane to
lower cytosolic calcium
c.Provides energy when tropomyosin energizes the cross-bridges
d.Needed for the dissociation of the actin-myosin binding allowing the muscles to relax

A

Needed for the dissociation of the actin-myosin binding allowing the muscles to relax

45
Q

The following are characteristics of fast-twitch glycolytic fibers
EXCEPT:
a.Myosin ATPas activity is very fast
b.Have low blood supply
c.Known as white meat
d.Fatigue resistant

A

Fatigue resistant

46
Q

All of the following are essential in muscle contraction EXCEPT:
a. Docking of acetylcholine
b.Binding of calcium to troponin C
c.Breakdown of ATP
d.Propagation of K+ action potentials

A

Propagation of K+ action potentials

47
Q

Which of the following is part of the contraction process of smooth muscle?
a.Calcium ions bind to troponin
b.Caveolae bind with calcium to produce cross bridges
c.Troponin and tropomyosin are moved
d.Calcium ions bind to calmodulin

A

Calcium ions bind to calmodulin

48
Q

Which of the following is not an energy sources during aerobic
metabolism?
a.Glucose
b.Fatty acids
c.Amino acids
d.Creatine phosphate

A

Creatine phosphate

49
Q

This is a stimulus just strong enough to produce a single action potential is a:
a.Maximal stimulus
b.Subthreshold stimulus
c.Supramaximal stimulus
d.Threshold stimulus

A

Threshold stimulus

2 Reviewer A - Veterinary Physiology (10 decks)

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