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2 Reviewer A - Veterinary Physiology > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

The following are not characteristics of endocrine glands except:
a. presence of secretory cells
b. presence of ducts
c. poor blood supply
d. mainly secretes enzymes

A

Presence of secretory cells

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2
Q

Statement 1: Arnold Adolph Berthold proved that both the transplantation and reimplantation of testis will not restore the normal development of secondary sexual characteristics.
Statement 2: Through their experiment, Ernest Starling and William Bayliss demonstrated that the duodenum releases secretin when stimulated by acid.
a. Both statements are true.
b. Both statements are false.
c. Statement 1 true, statement 2 false.
d. Statement 1 false, statement 2 true.

A

Statement 1 false, statement 2 true

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3
Q

S1: A hormone affects its target tissue by activating specific cell receptors. S2: Receptors for all hormones are located on
the surface of the cell.
a. Both statements are true.
b. Both statements are false.
c. Statement 1 true, statement 2 false.
d. Statement 1 false, statement 2 true.

A

Statement 1 true, statement 2 false

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4
Q

Which is a characteristic of a hormone receptor?
a. Has an infinite number.
b. Binding of hormone is irreversible.
c. Activation is non-dose dependent.
d. High affinity and specificity.
e. All of the choices.

A

High affinity and specificity

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5
Q

Which of the following is a peptide hormone?
a. estrogen
b. insulin
c. progesterone
d. prostaglandin

A

Insulin

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6
Q

Which of the following hormones utilizes cAMP as second messenger system?
a. cortisol
b. vasopressin
c. estrogen
d. aldosterone

A

Vasopressin

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7
Q

The hormone which regulates the secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones:
a. adenypophyseal hormones
b. neurohypophyseal hormones
c. hypothalamic hormones
d. gonadal hormones

A

Hypothalamic hormones

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8
Q

Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH) targets the ___________ to stimulate the release of ________.
a. lactotropes of mammary gland; milk
b. lactotropes of posterior pituitary gland; prolactin
c. leutotropes of anterior pituitary gland; prolactin
d. leutotropes of mammary gland; milk

A

Leutotropes of anterior pituitary gland; prolactin

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9
Q

Pituitary gland is located in a dorsal concavity of the sphenoid bone called:
a. hypothalamic fossa
b. clinoid process
c. sella turcica
d. tuberculum sellae

A

Sella turcica

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10
Q

Hypersecretion of growth hormone leads to _______ in adult animals.
a. gigantism
b. acromegaly
c. dwarfism
d. none of the choices

A

Acromegaly

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11
Q

One of the following serves as an inhibitor of ADH secretion.
a. increase in blood osmolarity
b. increase in ECF volume
c. vomiting
d. morphine

A

Increase in ECF volume

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12
Q

The neurons secreting oxytocin originate in the _____ of the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland.
a. paraventricular nucleus
b. supraoptic nucleus
c. arcuate nucleus
b. dorsomedial nucleus

A

Paraventricular nucleus

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13
Q

The hypothalamic hormone which regulates the hormone that controls release of ovum from the ovary:
a. GnRH
b. LH
c. FSH
d. oxytocin

A

GnRH

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14
Q

Which of the following statements about melanocyte
stimulating hormone (MSH) is true?
a. MSH is primarily produced in the hypothalamus
b. MSH regulates blood sugar levels in mammals.
c. MSH plays a role in the regulation of skin
pigmentation.
d. MSH is only found in invertebrates.

A

MSH plays a role in the regulation of skin
pigmentation

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15
Q

These are examples of negative feedback mechanism,
except:
a. regulation of TRH, TSH and thyroid hormone
secretion
b. regulation of hypothalamo-hypophyseal
hormones
c. regulation of CRH, ACTH, and cortisol
d. regulation of LH surge and ovulation

A

Regulation of LH surge and ovulation

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16
Q

Parafollicular cells are known as:
a. P-cells
b. F-cells
c. C-cells
d. D-cells

A

C-cells

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17
Q

Most of the thyroid hormones, T3 and T4 present in plasma
are bound to ______.
a. globulin
b. albumin
c. fibrinogen
d. none, they are free

A

Globulin

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18
Q

Formation of thyroid hormones through coupling is catalyzed
by:
a. iodinase
b. tyrosine kinase
c. thyroperoxidase
d. monodeiodinase

A

Thyroperoxidase

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19
Q

Hypothyroidism can cause dwarf-like signs in affected
animals. This condition is called______.
a. expothalmos
b. goiter
c. myxedema
d. cretinism

A

Cretinism

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20
Q

These are clinical signs of hyperthyroidism, except:
a. weight loss
b. exophthalmos
c. heat seeking
d. polyuria

A

Heat seeking

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21
Q

Statement 1: PTH and calcitriol are hypercalcemic hormones
because they raise blood Ca level.
Statement 2: Calcitonin is a hypocalcemic hormone because it lowers blood Ca level.
a. Both statements are true.
b. Both statements are false.
c. Statement 1- true, statement 2-false.
d. Statement 1 -false, statement 2-true.

A

Both statements are true.

22
Q

In bones, there are two types of cells in charge of bone formation and bone resorption: _________ and________, respectively.
a. osteoblast and osteoclast
b. osteoblast and osteocytes
c. osteocytes and osteoclast
d. osteocytes and monocytes

A

osteoblast and osteoclast

23
Q

The direct effects of PTH on calcium absorption are the
following, except:
a. PTH causes increased Ca reabsorption in the DCT of the
kidneys.
b. Increased intestinal calcium transport on the absorptive cells
lining the intestine.
c. Regulates the conversion of calcidiol to calcitriol in the
kidneys.
d. None of the above.

A

Regulates the conversion of calcidiol to calcitriol in the
kidneys.

24
Q

Which is not true about primary hyperparathyroidism?
a. Kidney stones may result from this condition.
b. It leads to decalcification of bones and hypercalcemia.
c. Most commonly due to a functional parathyroid tumor.
d. The prominent clinical signs are tetany and convulsions.

A

The prominent clinical signs are tetany and convulsions.

25
Q

When calcium concentration in blood is above the upper limit,
this becomes a positive feedback signal to the parafollicular cells to produce:
a. calcidiol
b. calcitriol
c. cholecalciferol
d. calcitonin

A

Calcitonin

26
Q

The innermost zone of adrenal cortex, secreting mainly androgens and minimally GCC.
a. zona fasciculata
b. zona reticularis
c. zona arcuata
d. zona glomerulosa

A

Zona reticularis

27
Q

Corticosterone predominates in:
a. sheep, dogs, cats
b. rabbit, humans, primates
c. rabbit, mouse, rat
d. ruminants and primates

A

Rabbit, mouse, rat

28
Q

Which of the following is not an effect of glucocorticoids?
a. Promotes hepatic output of glucose through gluconeogenesis.
b. Stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver.
c. Inhibits the effect of insulin on glucose metabolism.
d. Inhibits proteolysis leading to decreased mobilization of amino acids.

A

Inhibits proteolysis leading to decreased mobilization of amino acids

29
Q

Which of the following is not an effect GCC on carbohydrate
metabolism?
a. Enhances the effect of epinephrine in glucose metabolism.
b. Stimulates glycogenolysis.
c. Promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis.
d. Potentiates the effect of insulin on glucose metabolism.

A

Potentiates the effect of insulin on glucose metabolism

30
Q

Excessive secretion of GCC can lead to:
a. adrenal diabetes
b. osteopenia
c. muscle wasting
d. all of the choices

A

All of the choices

31
Q

The following is/are physiologic effect/s of aldosterone.
a. Aldosterone regulates the concentration of sodium and potassium in the ECF
b. Sodium reabsorption is coupled with the excretion of K and H into the urine.
c. Aldosterone also affects sweat glands, stomach, colon, and salivary ducts.
d. All of the above.

A

All of the above

32
Q

Polyphagia, PUPD, thin skin, hair loss, pot-bellied appearance,
hyperglycemia, muscle wasting are most likely the clinical signs
of:
a. Addison’s disease
b. Cushing’s disease
c. diabetes mellitus
d. diabetes insipidus

A

Cushing’s disease

33
Q

Pheochromocytomas are:
a. red brown tumors arising from chromaffin cells
b. red brown tumors originating from corticocyte
c. benign tumors from the zona glomerulosa
d. benign tumors from the zona fasciculata

A

Red brown tumors arising from chromaffin cells

34
Q

The pancreatic alpha cells secrete a hormone that ________,
while beta cell secretion ________.
a. increases blood calcium level, lowers blood calcium level
b. lowers blood calcium level, increases blood calcium level
c. lowers blood sugar level, increases blood sugar level
d. increases blood sugar level, lowers blood sugar level

A

Increases blood sugar level, lowers blood sugar level

35
Q

The most important regulator of insulin and glucagon
secretion is the _______________.
a. concentration of energy substrates in the blood
b. parasympathetic stimulation of the pancreas
c. hypothalamus and pituitary center
d. the daily rhythm of the animal

A

Concentration of energy substrates in the blood

36
Q

Glucagon secretion is increased by the following, except:
a. catecholamines
b. hyperglycemia
c. sympathetic nervous system d. epinephrine

A

Hyperglycemia

37
Q

The following are effects of insulin, except:
a. Insulin promotes storage of fats.
b. Insulin is a potent inhibitor of lipase.
c. Insulin promotes uptake of glucose.
d. Inhibits glycogen synthase.

A

Inhibits glycogen synthase.

38
Q

Statement 1: During much of the day, muscle tissue depends
not on glucose for its energy but on fatty acids. Statement 2:
The principal reason for this is that the normal resting muscle
membrane is only slightly permeable to glucose.
a. Both statements are true.
b. Both statements are false.
c. Statement 1-true, statement 2-false.
d. Statement 1-false, statement 2-true.

A

Both statements are true

39
Q

Which of the following tissues contain GLUT-4?
I. skeletal muscle tissues
II. adipose tissues
III. cardiac muscle
IV. brain
V. hepatic tissue

a. I, II, III
b. I, II
c. I
d. I, II, III, IV

A

I, II, III

40
Q

Which of the following does not stimulate insulin secretion?
a. parasympathetic action
b. catecholamines
c. GLP-1
d. hyperglycemia

A

Catecholamines

41
Q

The four cardinal signs of diabetes are:
a. polyphagia, osteoporosis, polydipsia, ketoacidosis
b. anorexia, polydipsia, emaciation, glucosuria
c. polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia, glucosuria
d. polyphagia, nervousness, polydipsia, weakness

A

polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia, glucosuria

42
Q

________ is a very potent stimulator of feeding behavior (orexigenic neurotransmitter). It is inhibited by leptin to decrease hunger and food consumption.
a. neuropeptide Y
b. alpha-MSH
c. gamma-MSH
d. peptide YY

A

Neuropeptide Y

43
Q

Which cells specifically secrete erythropoietin?
a. peritubular fibroblast
b. juxtaglomerular cells
c. distal convoluted tubule cells
d. macula densa

A

Peritubular fibroblast

44
Q

Leptin receptors are located in what part of the brain?
a. cerebellum
b. pituitary gland
c. pineal gland
d. hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamus

45
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide is synthesized and released by the:
a. atrium of the heart
b. ventricle of the heart
c. brain
d. hypothalamus

A

Atrium of the heart

46
Q

Functions of ANP: which is incorrect?
a. vasodilation
b. excretion of Na in urine and diuresis
c. lowers the blood pressure
d. none of the choices

A

None of the choices

47
Q

The Angiotensin II directly stimulates the zona glomerulosa to convert cholesterol into pregnenolone and corticosterone to aldosterone. The other functions of angiotensin II are the following, except:
a. feeds back to JG cells to inhibit secretion of renin
b. acts on CNS to stimulate thirst center
c. potentiates the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide
d. stimulates release of vasopressin

A

Potentiates the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide

48
Q

Hyperinsulinism leads to _______ while diabetes mellitus leads
to _______.
a. hypocalcemia; hypercalcemia
b. hyperglycemia; hypoglycemia
c. hypoglycemia; hyperglycemia
d. hypercalcemia; hypocalcemia

A

Hypoglycemia; hyperglycemia

49
Q

Which of the following is the correct pair?
a. macula densa – renin
b. adrenal cortex – norepinephrine
c. kidney – erythropoietin
d. lungs – angiotensinogen

A

Kidney – erythropoietin

50
Q

How does melatonin secretion differ between long day and short day breeders?
a. Long day breeders experience decreased melatonin secretion during longer periods of darkness.
b. Short day breeders experience decreased melatonin secretion during longer periods of light.
c. Both long day and short day breeders show consistent melatonin secretion patterns throughout the year.
d. None of the choices.

A

Short day breeders experience decreased melatonin secretion during longer periods of light

2 Reviewer A - Veterinary Physiology (10 decks)

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