Physiology ToS questions B

Question 1

Generally, what are the substances that are transported across the cell membrane? (9)

Answer 1

Gases
Water
Alchohol
Glucose (sugars)
Amino acids
Nucleoside
Proteins
Lipids
Ions

Question 2

What are the three major transport mechanisms that occur in plasma membrane?

Answer 2

Passive transport
Active transport
Special mechanisms (2)

Question 3

A type of membrane transport of substrates that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes. This relies on the second law of thermodynamics to drive the movement of substances across cell membranes, Fick’s first law: from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Answer 3

Passive transport

Question 4

What are the three mechanism under passive transport that occurs in plasma membrane?

Answer 4

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

Question 5

This is one of the three types of passive transport where net transfer of molecule down electrochemical gradient

Answer 5

Simple diffusion

Question 6

This is one of the three types of passive transport where there is carrier molecules but still no energy is required for transfer of molecules. “choosy”, “not like other passive transport”

Answer 6

Facilitated diffusion

Question 7

This is one of the three types of passive transport where this focuses on the flow of water across a semi-permeable membrane, but still following the Fick’s law

Answer 7

Osmosis

Question 8

A type of membrane transport where the net movement of substrates is against the electrochemical gradient, thus requiring energy.

Answer 8

Active transport

Question 9

What are the three mechanism under active transport that occurs in plasma membrane?

Answer 9

Primary active transport
Secondary active transport
Exocytosis

Question 10

This is one of the three mechanisms of active transport where the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient using ATP as the energy source, usually using pumps and transporters

Answer 10

Primary active transport

Question 11

This is one of the three mechanisms of active transport where the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient using energy created by concentration gradient as the energy source, usually using co-transport mechanism

Answer 11

Secondary active transport

Question 12

What are examples of solutes transported via secondary active transport which means this depends on sodium gradient? (2)

Answer 12

Non-electrolytes:
Sugars
Amino acids

Question 13

What are the two mechanism under special mechanism that occurs in plasma membrane?

Answer 13

Vectorial metabolism
Osmoregulation

Question 14

This is one of the two mechanisms of special mechanism which specifically focuses comparison of glucose uptake to sucrose. It being that sucrose being the faster energy source

Answer 14

Vectorial metabolism

Question 15

This is one of the two mechanisms of special mechanism which specifically focuses on the cell’s ability to regulate osmotic pressures and maintain proper solute concentration

Answer 15

Osmoregulation

Question 16

What are the specific transport mechanism of importance? (3)

Answer 16

Sodium pump (Na-K-ATPase)
Chloride ion transport
Calcium transport

Question 17

This transport mechanism of importance is a system which is responsible for the asymmetrical distribution of sodium and potassium across the cell (3:2 ratio respectively). This is a form of secondary active transport

Answer 17

Sodium pump/Na-K-ATPase

Question 18

What is the importance of sodium pump? (4)

Answer 18

-Maintains cell volume
-Maintains cells resting potential
-Nerve cells depends on this for respond-stimuli and
-Impulse transmission

Question 19

This transport mechanism of importance is a system which focuses on translocation of chloride ions

Answer 19

Chloride ion transport

Question 20

What is the importance of chloride ion transport? (6)

Answer 20

-Regulates intestinal chloride-bicarbonate exchange
-Has roles in voltage gated channels
-Immune defense due to role in generation hypochlorous acid by myeloperoxidase
-Acid-base balance
-Electrolyte balance
-Developmental processes (NKCC1 & KCC2)
-Neurotransmitter transport

Question 21

What are the two ways that causes chloride ion translocation?

Answer 21

Hamburger effect
Active transport

Question 22

What happens in Hamburger effect involving chloride ion translocation?

Answer 22

Chloride is exchanged with bicarbonate

Question 23

What happens in active transport involving chloride ion translocation? (2)

Answer 23

-energy from active chloride transport= sodium electrochemical gradient that is maintained by sodium pump
-Active transport + sodium pump

Question 24

This transport mechanism of importance which is analogous to Na-K-ATPase. Important for reducing calcium concentration in cytosol of muscle cells for relaxation

Answer 24

Calcium transport

Question 25

This is a type of transport mechanism that is similar to simple diffusion but the rate of diffusion is altered by the structure and composition of the membrane through which diffusion occurs

Answer 25

Restricted diffusion

Question 26

This is the term used for when water moving in bulk can accelerate or impede solute transfer if both move through the same channel

Answer 26

Solvent drag

Question 27

How are macromolecules transferred across the membrane? (2)

Answer 27

Endocytosis
Exocytosis

Question 28

What are examples of macromolecules that may be transferred through cell membrane via endo- or exo- cytosis? (3)

Answer 28

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides

Question 29

This is a type of endocytosis which can selectively internalize physiologically significant proteins

Answer 29

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 30

What is an example of receptor mediated endocytosis?

Answer 30

Ingestion of cholesterol by mammalian cells for synthesis of new membranes

Question 31

What do you call the pits on the cell membrane of plasma where ligands bind with special vesicles to

Answer 31

Clathrin-coated pits

Question 32

Generally what are the 8 examples of electrolytes found the body?

Answer 32

Na+ (sodium)
K+ (potassium)
Ca++ (calcium)
Mg++ (magnesium)
Cl- (chloride)
HCO3- (bicarbonate)
Phosphates
SO4- (sulfates)

Question 33

Generally, what are the 10 examples of non-electrolytes found in the body?

Answer 33

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Neutral fat
Glucose
Urea
Lactic acid
Uric acid
Creatinine
Bilirubin
Bile salts