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2 Reviewer A - Veterinary Physiology > General, Systemic, Endoc, & Repro > Flashcards

General, Systemic, Endoc, & Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Deoxygenated blood is contained within the:
a.Pulmonary vein
b.Pulmonary artery
c.Carotid sinus
d.Femoral artery

A

Pulmonary artery

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2
Q

_____ is a very potent stimulator of feeding behavior (orexigenic neurotransmitter). It is inhibited by leptin to decrease hunger and food consumption.
a.neuropeptide Y
b.alpha-MSH
c.gamma-MSH
d.peptide YY

A

Neuropeptide Y

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3
Q

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with micturition?
a.Sympathetic
b.Parasympathetic
c.Both sympathetic and parasympathetic
d,None of these

A

Parasympathetic

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4
Q

An inhibitory neurotransmitter which many sedative or tranquilizing drugs act by enhancing the effects of this:
a.GABA
b.Glutamate
c.Acetylcholine
d.Norepinephrine

A

GABA

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5
Q

These are clinical signs of hyperthyroidism, except:
a.weight loss
b.exophthalmos
c.heat seeking
d.polyuria

A

Heat seeking

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6
Q

Atrial depolarization is seen in the ECG as:
a.P wave
b.QRS wave
c.T wave
d.ST segment

A

P wave

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7
Q

What is the ratio of sodium and Potassium in the Na-K pump?
a.3Na:1K
b.3Na:2K
c.2Na:3K
d.1Na:3K

A

3Na:2K

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8
Q

Which of the following will not normally be expected in the sexual cycle of the sow and cow?
a.Proestrus
b.Estrus
c.Metestrus
d.Diestrus

A

Diestrus

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9
Q

Pseudopregnancy is most commonly observed in the:
a.bitch
b.mare
c.doe
d.queen

A

Bitch

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10
Q

Inhibition of acetylcholine esterase can lead to the following:
a.Desensitization of the muscles
b.Uncontrolled muscle contractions
c.Inhibition of acetylcholine release
d.Muscle paralysis

A

Uncontrolled muscle contractions

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11
Q

The tapetum lucidum:
a.Is also known as the third eyelid
b.Is the iridescent pigmented epithelium of the choroid
c.Is present in the primate eye
d.Increases visual acuity during photopic (day) vision

A

Is the iridescent pigmented epithelium of the choroid

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12
Q

How long does estrus last in mares?
a.45 h
b.36 h
c.5-6 d
d.18 h

A

5-6 d

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13
Q

Between ejaculations, sperm is primarily stored in the _______.
a.seminal vesicle
b.epididymis
c.seminiferous tubules
d.vas deferens

A

Epididymis

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14
Q

Which of the following is TRUE about the membrane lipids?
a.The major membrane lipid is glycolipid containing a glycogen backbone with fatty acyl chains
b.The hydrophobic heads of the lipid bilayer is oriented externally facing the polar water
c.Cholesterol form clusters in between the phospholipids making it more fluid
d.The glycolipids undergo transverse diffusion, lateral diffusion and rotation as a result of the fluid nature of the plasma membrane

A

Cholesterol form clusters in between the phospholipids making it more fluid

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15
Q

The pancreatic alpha cells secrete a hormone that ________, while beta cell secretion ________.
a.increases blood calcium level, lowers blood calcium level
b.lowers blood calcium level, increases blood calcium level
c.lowers blood sugar level, increases blood sugar level
d.increases blood sugar level, lowers blood sugar level

A

increases blood sugar level, lowers blood sugar level

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16
Q

Melanotropin releasing hormone, a hormone that stimulates the release of MSH, is released primarily in what nuclei of the hypothalamus?
a.Supraoptic nuclei
b.Paraventricular nuclei
c.Mamillary nuclei
d.Ventromedial nuclei

A

Paraventricular nuclei

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17
Q

The mineralocorticoids influence the plasma concentrations of:
a.Calcium and phosphorus
b.Sodium and potassium
c.Calcium and sodium
d.Potassium and calcium

A

Sodium and potassium

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18
Q

This type of membrane transport system uses the energy due to the chemical gradient of an ion diffusing down its gradient to transport another ion with it.
a.Diffusion
b.Osmosis
c.Primary active transport
d.Secondary active transport

A

Secondary active transport

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19
Q

Which is the shortest in duration?
a.period of the placenta
b.period of the fetus
c.period of the embryo
d.period of the ovum

A

Period of the ovum

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20
Q

The cells of the interstitium in between the seminiferous tubules secrete testosterone. These interstitial cells are also called:
a.myoid cells
b.BTB cells
c.Leydig cells
d.Sertoli cells

A

Leydig cells

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21
Q

Which of the following does not contain a taste bud?
a.Circumvallate
b.Fungiform
c.Follate
d.Filiform

A

Filiform

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22
Q

The amount of air exchange during normal respiration is:
a.Tidal volume
b.Residual volume
c.Dead space
d.Minimal volume

A

Tidal volume

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23
Q

Females of which species are stimulated to begin estrous cyclicity in response to decreasing daylight ?
a.cattle
b.pig
c.sheep
d.horse

A

Sheep

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24
Q

Duration of ejaculation of bulls:
a.10-15 sec
b.30-40 mins
c.Approx. 1 sec
d.10-20 mins

A

Approx. 1 sec

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25
Q

Which of the following tissues contain GLUT-4?
I. skeletal muscle tissues

II. adipose tissues

III. cardiac muscle

IV. brain

V. hepatic tissue
a.I, II, III
b.I, II
c.I
d.I, II, III, IV

A

I, II, III

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26
Q

Leptin receptors are located in what part of the brain?
a.cerebellum
b.pituitary gland
c.pineal gland
d.hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamus

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27
Q

During Nernst potential, what would be the net gain of the inside of the cell?
a.1-
b.0
c.+1
d.>1

A

0

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28
Q

PTH and calcitriol are hypercalcemic hormones because they raise blood Ca level. Calcitonin is a hypocalcemic hormone because it lowers blood Ca level.
a.Both statements are true.
b.Both statements are false.
c.Statement 1 true, statement 2 false.
d.Statement 1 false, statement 2 true.

A

Both statements are true.

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29
Q

Angiotensin II directly stimulates the zona glomerulosa to convert cholesterol into pregnenolone and corticosterone to aldosterone. The other functions of angiotensin II are the following, except:
a.feeds back to JG cells to inhibit secretion of renin
b.acts on CNS to stimulate thirst center
c.potentiates the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide
d.stimulates release of vasopressin

A

Potentiates the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide

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30
Q

Which volume remains in the lungs after maximal expiration?
a.Tidal volume
b.Expiratory reserve volume
c.Residual volume
d.Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Residual volume

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31
Q

Amino acids are absorbed in the gut via co-transport mechanism. Amino acid is co-transported with:
a.Sodium ion
b.Calcium ion
c.Potassium ion
d.Any of these

A

Sodium ion

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32
Q

Which of the following organs is particularly sensitive to acute hypoglycemia because its only energy substrate is glucose?
a.Kidney
b.Pancreas
c.Brain
d.Liver

A

Brain

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33
Q

What change/s occur when red blood cells are placed in a hypertonic solution?
a.Red blood cells gain water
b.Red blood cells lose water and shrink
c.Red blood cells neither gain nor lose water
d.Concentration of sodium increases within the cells

A

Red blood cells lose water and shrink

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34
Q

The repolarization phase of the action potential occurs because:
a.Voltage-gated Na+ ion channels open
b.Voltage-gated K+ ion channels open
c.Voltage-gated Ca+ ion channels open
d.Voltage-gated Cl+ ion channels open

A

Voltage-gated K+ ion channels open

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35
Q

Substance coating the alveoli which lowers surface tension
a.Mucopolyssacharide
b.Mucus
c.Pleural fluid
d.Surfactant

A

Surfactant

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36
Q

Which of these locations has the ability to break down ATP, which releases energy?
a.Globular actin molecule
b.Head of myosin molecule
c.Troponin molecule
d.Tropomyosin molecule

A

Head of myosin molecule

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37
Q

Which of the following factors can best explain an increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
a.Increased arterial plasma oncotic pressure
b.Increased hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman’s capsule
c.Increased glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
d.Decreased net filtration pressure

A

Increased glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure

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38
Q

Which of the following is an effect of histamine?
a.Decreased capillary filtration
b.Vasodilation of the arterioles
c.Vasodilation of the veins
d.Interaction with the muscarinic receptors on the blood vessels

A

Vasodilation of the arterioles

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39
Q

Myxedematous accumulations in the dermis of dogs is one of the signs of _________ in dogs.
a.Hypoadrenocorticocism
b.Hyperadrenocorticocism
c.Hypothyroidism
d.Hyperthyroidism

A

Hypothyroidism

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40
Q

The following hormones are essential in lactogenesis, except:
a.cortisol
b.insulin
c.prolactin
d.estrogen

A

Estrogen

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41
Q

Glucagon secretion is increased by the following, except:
a.catecholamines
b.sympathetic nervous system
c.hyperglycemia
d.epinephrine

A

Hyperglycemia

42
Q

Pheochromocytomas are:
a.red brown tumors arising from chromaffin cells
b.red brown tumors originating from corticocytes
c.benign tumors from the zona glomerulosa
d.benign tumors from the zona fasciculata

A

Red brown tumors arising from chromaffin cells

43
Q

What 2 ions are responsible for production of action potentials in the hair cells?
a.Na and K
b.K and Ca
c.Na and Ca
d.Ca and Cl

44
Q

Which of the avian digestive tract structures secretes HCl and pepsinogen?
a.Crop
b.Proventriculus
c.Gizzard
d.Ceca

A

Proventriculus

45
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding the effects of norepinephrine on blood vessels?
a.Causes vasodilation via the alpha-receptors
b.Causes vasoconstriction via the alpha-receptors
c.Causes vasodilation via the beta-receptors
d.Causes vasoconstriction via the beta-receptors

A

Causes vasocontraction via the alpha-receptors

46
Q

Which of the following is also called an exchange diffusion?
a.Antiport
b.Symport
c.Co-transport
d.Uniport

47
Q

The thirst center is located in which ventricle of the brain?
a.1st
b.2nd
c.3rd
d.4th

48
Q

The hormone that indirectly influences water reabsorption by the kidney is:
a.Oxytocin
b.Aldosterone
c.Vasopressin (ADH)
d.Insulin

A

Vasopressin (ADH)

49
Q

Which of the following is shared by simple diffusion of sodium and facilitated diffusion of glucose?
a.Occurs down an electrochemical gradient
b.Is saturable
c.Requires metabolic energy
d.Requires a Na+ gradient

A

Occurs down an electrochemical gradient

50
Q

These hormones are galactopoietic except:
a.growth hormone
b.thyroid hormone
c.progesterone
d.glucocorticoids

A

Progesterone

51
Q

Intertwining of the ovarian artery with the uterine vein serves to:
a.Cool the ovary
b.Suspend the ovary
c.Transport PGF2 -alpha from the uterus to the ovary
d.Transport spermatozoa from the uterus to the ovary.

A

Transport PGF2 -alpha from the uterus to the ovary

52
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide is synthesized and released by the:
a.atrium of the heart
b.ventricle of the heart
c.brain
d.hypothalamus

A

Atrium of the heart

53
Q

The hormone produced by the kidney that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow is:
a.ADH
b.Erythropoietin
c.Aldosterone
d.Renerythrogenin

A

Erythropoietin

54
Q

Gular fluttering is a thermoregulation process in:
a.Reptiles
b.Amphibians
c.Birds
d.Mammals

55
Q

It is the post ovulatoy phase of estrus cycle, wherein the corpus luteum undergoes early development.
a.anestrus
b.metestrus
c.proestrus
d.diestrus

56
Q

Which of these units contains overlapping actin and myosin myofilaments?
a.A band
b.H zone
c.M line
d.I band

57
Q

Which of the following is an alpha-adrenergic response?
a.Bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxation
b.Increased renin secretion
c.Increased lipolysis
d.Ejaculation

A

Ejaculation

58
Q

The following cells do not require insulin to take up glucose, EXCEPT:
a.erythrocytes
b.hepatocytes
c.neurons
d.osteocytes

A

Osteocytes

59
Q

A menace test is performed to test which cranial nerve?
a.Optic
b.Oculomotor
c.Trochlear
d.Abducens

60
Q

Which item best describes the function of somatostatin?
a.Inhibits the secretion of gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, pancreatic exocrine secretion, and gastric acid
b.Moderates gut motility and glucose absorption
c.Increases gluconeogenesis by activation of adenylcyclase in liver cells, which in turn stimulates phosphorylase resulting in glycogen breakdown
d.Enhances glucose uptake by stimulating enzymes in the liver cells that assist in lipogenesis and the production of glycogen and by inhibiting enzymes that catalyze glycogenolysis

A

Inhibits the secretion of gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, pancreatic exocrine secretion, and gastric acid

61
Q

How many bases are needed to create a single codon and anticodon?
a.3
b.4
c.5
d.6

62
Q

An ECG that reveals a prolonged PQ interval indicates a block of impulses coming from the
a.SA node
b.Bundle of His
c.Purkinje fibers
d.AV node

63
Q

Implantation is achieved when the uterus is dominated by:
a.relaxin
b.estradiol
c.progesterone
d.prostaglandin

A

Progesterone

64
Q

Which of the following actions best describes the omasum?
a.Store
b.Mix
c.Absorb
d.Pump

65
Q

Exchange of gases in lungs and tissues is by:
a.Diffusion
b.Bulk flow
c.Active transport
d.None of the above

66
Q

Which of the following is not an energy sources during aerobic metabolism?
a.Glucose
b.Fatty acids
c.Amino acids
d.Creatine phosphate

A

Creatine phosphate

67
Q

What percentage of the circulating blood is normally in capillaries at any one time?
a.5%
b.15%
c.25%
d.50%

68
Q

Excessive secretion of GCC can lead to:
a.adrenal diabetes
b.osteopenia
c.muscle wasting
d.all of the choices

A

All of the choices

69
Q

Semen is a product of ejaculation. It has the following elements, except:
a.secretions from testis
b.secretions from epididymis
c.secretions from male accessory glands
d.none of the choices

A

None of the choices

70
Q

The interval of the cardiac cycle that begins with the closure of the AV valves and ends with the opening of the AV valves corresponds to a period of:
a.Atrial systole
b.Ventricular systole
c.Ventricular diastole
d.Atrial diastole

A

Ventricular systole

71
Q

The following animals have intra-abdominal location of testis except:
a.dolphin
b.sperm whale
c.armadillo
d.camel

72
Q

The most potent secreatagogue for insulin is:
a.Glucose
b.Amino acids
c.Fatty acids
d.Ketone bodies

73
Q

The gastric phase of HCl secretion is initiated by:
a.Chewing
b.Stomach distension
c.Hypoglycemia
d.Conditioned reflexes

A

Stomach distension

74
Q

This hormone is needed to maintain high quantities of testosterone, thus, helping in the maintenance of the reproductive tract and allowing a much higher level of fertility to male animals.
a.Anti-Mullerian hormone
b.androgen
c.androgen binding protein
d.inhibin

A

Androgen binding protein

75
Q

The principal nitrogenous constituent of mammalian urine is:
a.Amino acids
b.Uric acid
c.Urea
d.Ammonia

76
Q

The estrous cycle of cats lasts for:
a.15-18 ds
b.14-21 ds
c.20-21 ds
d.7 mos interval

77
Q

The color of the blood of an animal that has been poisoned with carbon monoxide is
a.Bright red
b.Purplish red
c.Chocolate brown
d.Bright cherry red

A

Bright cherry red

78
Q

Which of the following BEST describes the pulmonary circuit?
a.It serves only one organ
b.It has higher volume and capacity
c.It is a high pressure area
d.It has a high vascular resistance

A

It serves only one organ

79
Q

Which of the following birds has the longest egg incubation period?
a.pheasant
b.swan
c.turkey
d.budgerigars

80
Q

Troponin is believed to play what role in the muscle contractile process?
a.It provides elastic tension during muscle contraction
b.It inactivates the binding site of actin during the resting state
c.Combination with myosin excites the activity of the power stroke
d.Combination with calcium is believed to trigger muscle contraction

A

Combination with calcium is believed to trigger muscle contraction

81
Q

The liver appeared yellowish during inanition because of:
a.Leakage of bile pigment that colored the liver yellow
b.Extensive delivery of fatty acids in the liver for oxidation
c.Continuous formation of glycogen due to saturated glucose demand
d.Deamination of protein forming urea

A

Extensive delivery of fatty acids in the liver for oxidation

82
Q

The hypothalamus produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release:
a.estrogen and testosterone
b.FSH and LH
c.thyroid stimulating hormone and ACTH
d.all of the choices

A

FSH and LH

83
Q

Erection is controlled by the ________ division of the autonomic nervous system and ejaculation is controlled by the division of the autonomic nervous system ________.
a.parasympathetic-sympathetic
b.sympathetic-sympathetic
c.sympathetic-parasympathetic
d.parasympathetic-parasympathetic

A

parasympathetic-sympathetic

84
Q

The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is decreased by an increase of the following, EXCEPT
a.Carbon dioxide
b.pH
c.temperature
d.2,3-DPG

85
Q

Plasma calcium is decreased by:
a.Calcitonin
b.Parathyroid hormone
c.1, 25 -dihydrocholecalciferol
d.Cortisol

A

Calcitonin

86
Q

Which of the following enzymes hydrolyzes neutral fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides?
a.Pancreatic lipase
b.Chymotrypsin
c.Pancreatic amylase
d.Proteolytic enzyme

A

Pancreatic lipase

87
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is true?
a.Angiotensinogen is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney in response to decreased perfusion of blood
b.Renin acts on circulating blood angiotensin I to form angiotensinogen
c.Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone secretion
d.Angiotensinogen is converted by vascular endothelial enzyme (angiotensin -converting enzyme, ACE) to angiotensin II.

A

Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone secretion

88
Q

The release of digestive enzymes from cells of the pancreas, or secretion of the hormone insulin in response to rising blood glucose levels is an example of:
a.Exocytosis
b.Endocytosis
c.Phagocytosis
d.Pinocytosis

A

Exocytosis

89
Q

Hyperinsulinism leads to _______ while diabetes mellitus leads to _______.
a.hypocalcemia; hypercalcemia
b.hyperglycemia; hypoglycemia
c.hypoglycemia; hyperglycemia
d.hypercalcemia; hypocalcemia

A

hypoglycemia; hyperglycemia

90
Q

Which of the following hormones is released in response to cooling of the anterior hypothalamus?
a.Antidiuretic hormone
b.Insulin
c.T4 and T3
d.Aldosterone

91
Q

During muscle contraction, muscles shorten __________, and lengthen ____________.
a.Forcefully; passively
b.Forcefully; forcefully
c.Passively, forcefully
d.Passively; passively

A

Forcefully; passively

92
Q

The velocity of conduction of action potentials along a nerve will be increased by:
a.Stimulating the Na+-K+ pump
b.Inhibiting the Na+-K+ pump
c.Decreasing the diameter of the nerve
d.Myelinating the nerve

A

Myelinating the nerve

93
Q

Propagation of an action potential through the heart is slowest in the:
a.Atrial muscle
b.AV node
c.Bundle of His
d.Purkinje fibers

94
Q

Proestrus and estrus stage comprise the ______ of estrous cycle.
a.follicular phase
b.luteal phase
c.quiescent phase
d.none of the above

A

Follicular phase

95
Q

What amino acid serves as precursor for thyroid hormones?
a.Tryptophan
b.Tyrosine
c.Methionine
d.Lysine

96
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is primarily responsible for __________.
a.conversion of cholesterol to b.pregnenolone testosterone production
c.maintaining the corpus luteum
d.spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogenesis

97
Q

Pain is detected by the:
a.Free nerve endings
b.Pacinian corpuscles
c.Muscle spindle
d.Merkel’s corpuscles

A

Pacinian corpuscles

98
Q

The salt glands (nasal glands) of avian:
a.Secrete only NaCl and serve an extrarenal osmoregulatory function
b.Are active continuously
c.Exact similar function to kidneys
d.All of these

A

Secrete only NaCl and serve an extrarenal osmoregulatory function

99
Q

GLUT1 carrier protein is an example of:
a.Antiport
b.Symport
c.Co-transport
d.Uniport

100
Q

The ion that generally establishes the resting membrane potential is?
a.Sodium
b.Potassium
c.Calcium
d.Chloride

2 Reviewer A - Veterinary Physiology (10 decks)

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