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Patient Care > Systemic Diseases > Flashcards

Systemic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a general term for

A

pulmonary disorders

characterized by chronic airflow limitation from the lungs that is not fully reversible

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2
Q

COPD encompasses two main diseases:

A

Chronic bronchitis and

emphysema

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3
Q

Chronic inflammation of the bronchi that
produces excessive tracheobronchial
mucus production and a persistent cough
with sputum for at least 3 months in at
least 2 consecutive years in a patient in
whom other causes of productive chronic
cough have been excluded.

A

chronic bronchitis

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4
Q

Permanent enlargement of the air
spaces in the lungs that is accompanied
by destruction of the air space (alveolar)
walls without obvious fibrosis

A

emphysema

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5
Q

These 2 conditions are related, and often represent

A

the progression of disease and may have overlapping symptoms, making differentiation difficult

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6
Q

The recommended use of COPD is used and is diagnosed on the presence of, (2) together with an abnormal measurement of — function

A

sputum production, and dyspnea

lung

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7
Q

The onset of COPD takes many years in
most patients and usually begins after
age

A

40

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8
Q

Symptoms develop —, and many
patients are unaware of the emerging
condition

A

slowly

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9
Q

“Blue Bloaters”

A

Traditionally, patients with chronic bronchitis have been described as

sedentary, 
overweight,
cyanotic, 
edematous 
and breathless
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10
Q

Patients diagnosed with emphysema

were traditionally know as “Pink Puffers” because they demonstrated (6)

A

enlarged chest walls (barrel-chested appearance),
weight loss with disease progression,
severe exertional dyspnea,
seldom coughing,
lack of cyanosis,
pursing of the lips with efforts to forcibly exhale air from the lungs

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11
Q

with patients with COPD, monitor

A

vitals

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12
Q

what kind of oxygen do patients with COPD get?

A

low flow oxygen only

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13
Q

why low flow oxygen only?

A

they depend on
elevated arterial CO2
levels to stimulate
breathing

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14
Q

questions with Emphysema,

bronchitis (5)

A 
How severe?
How long have you had it? 
What medications are you 
on?
“Does it bother you to recline 
completely?” 
“Will the rubber dam be a problem?”
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15
Q

how many attacks a week with mild asthma?

A

<3 /week

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16
Q

duration of mild asthma attack

A

<30 min duration

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17
Q

when do you have a mild asthma attack?

A

only w exercise or allergen

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18
Q

do those with mild asmtha use an inhaler?

A

rarely

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19
Q

age of mild asthma

A

usually childhood, usually outgrow

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20
Q

how many attacks with moderate asthma

A

3-5 attacks/week

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21
Q

how long does a moderate asthma attack last

A

30 min-several hours

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22
Q

moderate asthma affects

A

sleep

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23
Q

inhaler use with moderate asthma

A

more common

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24
Q

amount of attacks with severe asthma

A

daily attacks

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25
Q

inhaler use with severe asthma

A

daily

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26
Q

severe asthma may require (2)

A

frequent ER visits, hospitalized

steroids

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27
Q

severe asthma limits

A

daily activity

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28
Q

Shortness of Breath (S.O.B.) questions (2)

A 
“how many blocks 
can you walk 
before tiring?”
“can you walk two 
flights of stairs 
without having to 
stop?”
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29
Q

sleep apnea (2)

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
waking suddenly in middle of
night short of breath

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30
Q

symptoms of sleep apnea (4)

A

Snoring with occasional apneas
Tired (difficulty concentrating during day)
Sore throat in morning
Increased gastric reflux

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31
Q

behavioral treatment of sleep apnea (2)

A

weight loss

cessation of alcohol use

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32
Q

surgery as treatment for sleep apnea (4)

A 
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
genial advancement
hyoid suspension
maxillomandibular
advancement (MMA)
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33
Q

sleep apnea treatment option includes

A

Constant Positive
Air Pressure
(CPAP) machine

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34
Q

Constant Positive
Air Pressure
(CPAP) machine

A

+ pressure during

sleep

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35
Q

rhematic fever (2)

A

Usually from Strep throat as a child (5-15 yrs. old)

Autoimmune condition

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36
Q

Strep symptoms (5)

A 
Sore throat
Fever
Headache
swollen tonsils
White patches on tonsils
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37
Q

rheumatic fever group

A

Group A, β-hemolytic

Strep

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38
Q

what can rheumatic fever involve? (4)

A

Heart valves= rheumatic heart disease
Inflamed joints
Brain (chorea =uncontrolled movements)
Broad pink patches on skin

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39
Q

rheumatic heart disease is used to premeditate for

A

invasive dental procedures

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40
Q

rheumatic heart disease is not included in

A

latest recommendations

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41
Q

what should you do if concerned?

A

med consult

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42
Q

coronary bypass graft surgery (2)

A

Single, double, triple, quadruple.

Redirects blood around a partially blocked or blocked artery in your heart

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43
Q

what type of graft? (2)
Synthetic?
Allograft?

A
  • Synthetic?-Dacron

* Allograft?-autologous vein, human umbilical vein

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44
Q

for coronary bypass graft surgery, no elective treatment for at least

A

2 months

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45
Q

after that,

A

med consult

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46
Q

symptoms of Alzheimers disease (3)

A

Memory loss
Cognitive decline
Behavioral and
personality changes

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47
Q

Dementia is a disorder of cognition that consequently interferes with

A

the daily functions and results in a loss of independence

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48
Q

Most common causes of dementia are

3

A

Alzheimer’s disease,
vascular dementia,
dementia caused by Parkinson’s disease

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49
Q

Prevalence of Alzheimer’s increases with age:

A

age 65 7%

by age 85, more than 40%

50
Q

Women are at greater risk primarily

because they

A

live longer

51
Q

Cause of Alzheimer’s disease is unknown

but appears to involve the loss of

A

cholinergic neurons

52
Q

Genetic predisposition contributes to

less than –% of all cases

A

20%

53
Q

Average lifespan after diagnosis

A

8 years

54
Q

Dental Management (3)

A

Knowledge of the stage of the disease,
medications taken,
cognitive abilities of the patient

55
Q

Patients with mild to moderate disease generally (2)

A

maintain normal systemic organ function and can receive routine dental treatment

56
Q

As disease progresses, (3) are frequently are used to manage
behavioral disturbances

A

antipsychotics
antidepressants
anxiolytics

57
Q

these medications contribute to — with increased risk for dental caries

A

xerostomia

58
Q

adrenal glands

A

small endocrine glands located bilaterally at the superior pole of each kidney

59
Q

adrenal medulla functions as a

A

sympathetic ganglion

60
Q

adrenal medulla secretes

A

catecholamines, primarily epinephrine

61
Q

adrenal cortex secretes

A

several steroid hormones

62
Q

etiology of Addisons disease

A

primary adrenal insufficiency

63
Q

adddisons disease is caused by

A

progressive destruction of the adrenal cortex

64
Q

progressive destruction of the adrenal cortex is usually due to (2)

A

autoimmune disease

chronic infectious disease

65
Q

chronic infectious disease examples (4)

A

TB
hIV
cytomegalovirus infections
fungal infections

66
Q

secondary adrenal insufficiency is caused by (2)

A

pituitary disease or critical illness

67
Q

tertiary adrenal insufficiency is caused by

A

processes that impair function of the hypothalamus

68
Q

most common cause of tertiary adrenal insufficiency

A

use of corticosteroids

69
Q

adrenal insufficiency symptoms (6)

A 
 TIRED-FATIGUE
 WEAK
 ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
 POOR HEALING
 INABILITY TO TOLERATE STRESS
 INCREASED INFECTIONS
70
Q

adrenal insufficiency healing

A

poor

71
Q

increased — with adrenal insufficiency

A

infections

72
Q

adrenal insufficiency has inability to tolerate

A

stress

73
Q

adrenal insufficiency may be from

A

oral steroid use

74
Q

SECONDARY ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY IS FAR

MORE COMMON A PROBLEM AND MAY BE CAUSED BY (2)

A

 SUCTURAL LESIONS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS OR PITUITARY
GLAND
 ADMINISTRATION ON EXOGENOUS CORTICOSTEROIDS

75
Q

A DIAGNOSIS OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE REQUIRES THE

2

A

RECURRENT USE OF A SUBSTANCE OVER THE PAST 12

MONTHS WITH SUBSEQUENT ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES

76
Q

alcohol and drug abuse results in

A

FAILURE TO FULFILL A MAJOR ROLE AT WORK, SCHOOL,
HOME; LEGAL PROBLEMS;PERSISTENT INTERPERSONAL
PROBLEMS

77
Q

FEATURES SUGGESTIVE OF ALCOHOL ABUSE INCLULDE (4)

A

MISSED APPOINTMENTS
ALCOHOL ON BREATH
ENLARGEMENT OF THE PAROTID GLANDS
SPIDER ANGIOMAS

78
Q

alcohol use can result in (6)

A 
 LIVER AND BONE MARROW DAMAGE
 CIRRHOSIS
 VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY
 REDUCED EFFECT OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS AND 
BENZODIAZEPINES
 NUTRITIONAL DIFICIENCIES
 CANDIDAL INFECTIONS
79
Q

binge drinking

A

> 5 oz /4 hours

80
Q

Excessive drinking = Increased cancer of: (3)

A

Mouth
Larynx
Esophagus

81
Q

combo of smoking and alcohol greatly increases the chance of

A

oral cancer

82
Q

alcohol can act as an irritant and damage cells which could lead to

A

DNA changes

83
Q

drug abuse interacts with

A

Rx, anesthetic

84
Q

drug abuse leads to — damage

A

liver

85
Q

infectious diseases if shared

A

needles

86
Q

oral complications with drugs alcohol: tends to have more (4)

A

plaques
calculus
caries
gingival inflammation

87
Q

cocaine leads to (2)

A

gingival recession and erosion of facial aspects

88
Q

meth mouth (4)

A

xerostomia
rampant caries
bruxism
muscle trimus

89
Q

should not provide extensive care until — improves

A

homecare

90
Q

anemia

A

reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

91
Q

most common blood condition in the US

A

anemia

92
Q

anemia is usually associated with (2)

A

decrease number of circulating RBC

an abnormality in the Hb contained within RBC

93
Q

who does anemia affect mostly

A

females>males

94
Q

anemia may be caused by

A

an underlying disease especially in men

95
Q

more than - million US cases of anemia per year

A

3

96
Q

types of anemia (4)

A

 IRON DEFCIENCY
 FOLATE DEFCIENCY
 HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
 SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

97
Q

symptoms of anemia (5)

A 
Pale (= pallor)
Fatigue
Low blood pressure
SOB
Rapid heart rate
98
Q

oral signs of anemia (2)

A

Smooth, burning red tongue

Bleeding gums

99
Q

anemia results in delayed — and increased —

A

healing

infections

100
Q

pagophagia

A

Craving and chewing ice associated with

iron deficiency, with or without anemia

101
Q

2 major eating disorders

A

anorexia nervosa

bulimia nervosa

102
Q

ANOREXIA NERVOSA

A

SEVERE RESTRICTION OF FOOD
INTAKE, LEADING TO WEIGHT LOSS AND THE MEDICAL
SEQUELAE OF STARVATION

103
Q

BULIMIA NERVOSA

A

RESTRICTION OF FOOD BY BINGE
EATING FOLLOWEED BY VARIOUS METHODS OF TRYING TO
RID THE FOOD.(VOMITING,LAXATIVES,DIURETICS)

104
Q

age onset of anorexia

A

14-18

105
Q

anorexia is rare after

A

age 40

106
Q

who does anorexia affect

A

females (90-95)

107
Q

mortality rate of anorexia

A

5-20% usually by starvation, suicide, electrolyte imbalance

108
Q

anorexia nervosa symptoms (8)

A 
Hair thin and brittle
Neck / facial swelling
Fainting
Irritable
Low b.p.
Anemia
Osteoporosis
Amenorrhea
109
Q

with bulimia nervosa, — — are higher than surrounding enamel

A

amalgam restorations

110
Q

age onset of bulimia

A

20 years

111
Q

who does bulimia affect

A

females, 90-95% of cases

112
Q

more than –% abuse alcohol and stimulants

A

30%

113
Q

how many of bulimics have personality disorders

A

1/2

114
Q

bulimia nervosa results in enamel erosion from

A

acidic chemicals

115
Q

where does enamel erosion occur

A

Lingual of ant teeth

116
Q

perimylolysis

A

LOSS OF ENAMEL AND DENTIN
ON THE LINGUAL SURFACES BY CHEMICAL AND
MECHANICAL EFFECTS

117
Q

PT measures

A

how quickly your blood clots

118
Q

if you take blood thinning medication, your PT test will be expressed as

A

a ratio, INR

119
Q

IF THE INR SCORE IS TOO LOW- PATIENT CAN BE AT RISK FOR

A

A BLOOD CLOT

120
Q

IF THE INR SCORE IS TOO HIGH, PATIENT CAN EXPERIENCE

A

BLEEDING ISSUES

121
Q

TYPICAL INR SCORE RANGE FOR PATIENT ON BLOOD

THINNER IS

A

2-3

122
Q

HEALTHY PEOPLE NOT ON BLOOD THINNER __ OR

BELOW

A

1.1

Patient Care (15 decks)

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