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Infection Control 2 Flashcards

1
Q

contamination is the presence of

A

any microorganism

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2
Q

is contamination or infection more common?

A

contamination

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3
Q

bugs=

A

colonization

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4
Q

infection is cellular injury as a result of (3)

A

competitive metabolism
toxin production
immune related reaction

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5
Q

pathogen

A

infectious agent

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6
Q

pathogen
very common:
less common:
hazardous:

A

caries, periodontal disease
herpes, candida
HIV, hep B

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7
Q

virulence

A

ability to cause infection and damage ‘easily colonizes, grows rapidly, produces harmful substances, evades/counters body defenses

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8
Q

dose

A

number of cells of a contaminant

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9
Q

types of innate resistance (3)

A

physical (skin, mucous membrane)
mechanical (secretions, cilia)
chemical (stomach acid)

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10
Q

acquired resistance

A

cell-mediated (antibiotics)

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11
Q

immunity

A

a condition of being able to resist a particular disease especially through preventing development of a pathogenic microorganism

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12
Q

development of disease transmission

A

source (infected individual)
escape of microbes from source
spread of microbe to new person
entry of microbe into person

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13
Q

requirements of disease transmission (4)

A

susceptible host
pathogen (sufficient numbers)
portal of entry
mode of transmission

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14
Q

modes of transmission (4)

A

direct
droplet
inhalation
indirect

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15
Q

direct transmission

A

broken skin, mucosal contact

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16
Q

droplet transmission

A

sneezing, coughing

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17
Q

inhalation transmission

A

suspended microorganisms

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18
Q

indirect transmission

A

contaminated instruments, surfaces

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19
Q

stages of an infection (4)

A

incubation
prodromal
acute or period of illness
convalescent or decline

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20
Q

incubation

A

the time between exposure to a pathogenic organism and when signs and symptoms are first apparent

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21
Q

prodromal

A

the period between the appearance of initial symptoms and the full development, early signs and symptoms of a disease appear nit mot yet clinically specific or serve

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22
Q

acute or period of illness

A

signs and symptoms of the disease are most obvious, specific and severe

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23
Q

convalescent or decline

A

number of pathogens begins to decrease, and the signs and symptoms of illness decline. however, during this period, patients may become susceptible to developing secondary infections because their immune systems have been weakened by the primary infection

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24
Q

causes of disease emergence (5)

A 
microbial changes 
breakdown in public health measures 
ecological changes 
changes in human demographics/behaviors 
international travels and commerce
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25
Q

sanitization is the process of

A

physical cleaning to reduce the quantity of microbes and bioburden

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26
Q

sanitization uses
surfaces:
instruments:

A

disinfectant and paper towels on surfaces

soap and brush on instruments, ultrasonic on instruments

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27
Q

sanitization should be done before

A

sterilization and disinfection

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28
Q

sterilization

A

destruction of all microbial forms (including spores)

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29
Q

types of sterilization (3)

A

heat
filtration
radiation

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30
Q

most common type of sterilization

A

heat

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31
Q

asepsis is

A

the exclusion of harmful microorganisms

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32
Q

asepsis is the condition in which

A

septic (infective) material is absent

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33
Q

asepsis includes the absence of (3)

A

bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms

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34
Q

asepsis is typical during

A

surgery

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35
Q

antiseptics are used on

A

living tissue

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36
Q

antiseptics as alcohol

A

coagulates the protein in bacteria

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37
Q

–% solution with water penetrates bacteria and is more effective than 100%

38
Q

disinfection

A

destruction of pathogenic microbes

39
Q

disinfection doesn’t destroy

A

spores and certain resistant microorganisms

40
Q

what is our target for cubicle preparation?

A

disinfection

41
Q

spauldings classification system

A

categorizes patient care items by their potential risk of infection

42
Q

critical items in spauldings classification system

A

pierce the skin or mucosa

explorers, scalpels, burs. scalers

43
Q

critical items need

A

sterilization

44
Q

semi critical items in spauldings classification system

A

non-sharp items that enter the oral cavity

amalgam condensers, mirrors, reusable impression traps

45
Q

semi critical items need

A

sterilization or high level disinfection

46
Q

in spauldings classification system, dental handpick must be

A

heat sterilized

  • an exception
  • not just high level disinfectant
  • handpieces that can’t be heat sterilized shouldn’t be used
47
Q

non critical items in spauldings classification system

A

items that don’t enter the oral cavity, but may be touched

bracket table, counter tops, chair controls, light handles., computer keyboard

48
Q

non critical items need

A

disinfection or plastic barrier

49
Q

liquid chemical requirements (5)

A 
surface (or item) cleaned of debris bio burden first 
adequate contact time
correct temperature 
correct pH
correct concentration
50
Q

high level disinfectant destroys or inactivates

A

almost all microbial life

51
Q

high level disinfectant does not kill

52
Q

high level disinfectant requires extended contact of

A

3-10 hours

53
Q

high level disinfectant is also called

A

chemical sterilants

54
Q

what type of items use high level disinfectant?

A

heat sensitive critical and semi critical items

mainly medical items
endoscopes

55
Q

is high level disinfectant used in dentistry?

56
Q

intermediate level disinfectant destroys (4)

A

mycobacterium TB
viruses
fungi

vegetative bacteria

57
Q

what is used at UMKC to disinfect dental operators surfaces?

A

intermediate level disinfectant

58
Q

is alcohol acceptable for instruments or surfaces?

59
Q

does alcohol kill spores?

60
Q

alcohol does not work in the presence of

A

blood and saliva

61
Q

low level disinfectant

A

kills some viruses and fungi

used for floors and walls in dental operators and general house cleaning

62
Q

administrative controls are the policies, procedures, and enforcement measures targeted at

A

reducing the risk of occupational exposure to infectious persons

63
Q

engineering controls are devices which

A

isolate or remove the risk of exposure to bloodline pathogens in a workplace

64
Q

examples of engineering controls (3)

A

instrument cassettes
sharp containers
needed recapping devices

65
Q

work practice controls

A

procedures that reduce the likelihood of exposure to infectious materials by altering the manner in which a test is performed

66
Q

examples of work practice controls (2)

A

recapping a needle using the one-handed scoop technique

replacing sharps containers when they are full

67
Q

OSHA: regulated waste (4)

A

Blood or OPIM in liquid or semi-liquid state
Items caked w/ dried blood or OPIM that may release it
Contaminated sharps
Pathological /microbiologic waste w/ blood or OPIM

68
Q

regulated medical waste: UMKC (special handling: red biohazard bag) (5)

A 
Solid waste soaked or saturated with blood or saliva 
contaminated sharp items 
Anesthetic carpules
Scalpel blades
Surgically removed hard and soft tissue
69
Q

guidelines=

A

standard of care, often written info state laws

70
Q

original dental CDC guidelines

A

1986

revised since

71
Q

patient to DHCP is

A

most likely

72
Q

DHCP to patient is

73
Q

patient to patient is

74
Q

standard precautions

A

we treat every as if they are infectious

old term: universal

75
Q

CDC guidelines are concerned with

A

blood

other body fluids

76
Q

other body fluids include (3)

A

blood or not
secretions, saliva
exceptions (except sweat)

77
Q

mucous membrane exposure

A

oral

nasal

78
Q

latex allergy (3)

A

Type I (immediate) hypersensitivity to natural rubber latex protein

Reactions may include nose, eye, and skin reactions

More serious reactions may include respiratory distress–rarely shock or death

79
Q

irritant contact dermatitis

A

not an allergy

dry, itchy, irritated areas

80
Q

allergic contact dermatitis

A

type IV delayed hypersensitivity

may result from allergy to chemicals used in glove manufacturing

81
Q

minimizing contact dermatitis and latex allergy

A

dry hands completely before donning gloves
use only latex free gloves (we do)
use only gloves w/o powder (we do)

82
Q

ultrasonic cleaners

A

Use high-frequency sounds waves and cavitation to loosen and remove debris
16x more effective than hand scrubbing
Less potential to injure self with instrument

83
Q

instrument sterilization options (4)

A 
Steam autoclave
Dry heat
Chemical vapor (Ethylene oxide)
Chemical immersion
(Gluteraldehydes, Quaternary ammonium compounds)
84
Q

autoclave

A

Steam under pressure
Most common
Standard cycle: 250º F. @ 15 psi for 20 min

85
Q

disadvantages to autoclave (2)

A

dulls cutting edges

rust

86
Q

flash sterilizers

A

steam
273º / 30 psi for 3-10 min
Not intended to be used as sole or primary method of sterilization
We don’t have this

87
Q

dry heat

A

320º F. (160º C.) for 2 hrs

338º F. (170º C.) for 1 hr.

88
Q

dry heat advantages (2)

A

Doesn’t dull cutting edges

Won’t rust (if instruments completely dry)

89
Q

dry heat disadvantages (3)

A

long cycle
handpicks won’t tolerate
poor penetration

90
Q

chemiclave

A

Steam under pressure with chemical vapor

often formaldehyde

91
Q

chemiclave
advantage
disadvantage

A

shorter cycle

chemical vapor hazardous

Patient Care (15 decks)

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