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Infection Control 2 Flashcards

1
Q

contamination is the presence of

A

any microorganism

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2
Q

is contamination or infection more common?

A

contamination

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3
Q

bugs=

A

colonization

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4
Q

infection is cellular injury as a result of (3)

A

competitive metabolism
toxin production
immune related reaction

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5
Q

pathogen

A

infectious agent

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6
Q

pathogen
very common:
less common:
hazardous:

A

caries, periodontal disease
herpes, candida
HIV, hep B

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7
Q

virulence

A

ability to cause infection and damage ‘easily colonizes, grows rapidly, produces harmful substances, evades/counters body defenses

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8
Q

dose

A

number of cells of a contaminant

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9
Q

types of innate resistance (3)

A

physical (skin, mucous membrane)
mechanical (secretions, cilia)
chemical (stomach acid)

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10
Q

acquired resistance

A

cell-mediated (antibiotics)

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11
Q

immunity

A

a condition of being able to resist a particular disease especially through preventing development of a pathogenic microorganism

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12
Q

development of disease transmission

A

source (infected individual)
escape of microbes from source
spread of microbe to new person
entry of microbe into person

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13
Q

requirements of disease transmission (4)

A

susceptible host
pathogen (sufficient numbers)
portal of entry
mode of transmission

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14
Q

modes of transmission (4)

A

direct
droplet
inhalation
indirect

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15
Q

direct transmission

A

broken skin, mucosal contact

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16
Q

droplet transmission

A

sneezing, coughing

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17
Q

inhalation transmission

A

suspended microorganisms

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18
Q

indirect transmission

A

contaminated instruments, surfaces

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19
Q

stages of an infection (4)

A

incubation
prodromal
acute or period of illness
convalescent or decline

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20
Q

incubation

A

the time between exposure to a pathogenic organism and when signs and symptoms are first apparent

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21
Q

prodromal

A

the period between the appearance of initial symptoms and the full development, early signs and symptoms of a disease appear nit mot yet clinically specific or serve

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22
Q

acute or period of illness

A

signs and symptoms of the disease are most obvious, specific and severe

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23
Q

convalescent or decline

A

number of pathogens begins to decrease, and the signs and symptoms of illness decline. however, during this period, patients may become susceptible to developing secondary infections because their immune systems have been weakened by the primary infection

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24
Q

causes of disease emergence (5)

A 
microbial changes 
breakdown in public health measures 
ecological changes 
changes in human demographics/behaviors 
international travels and commerce
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25
sanitization is the process of
physical cleaning to reduce the quantity of microbes and bioburden
26
sanitization uses surfaces: instruments:
disinfectant and paper towels on surfaces | soap and brush on instruments, ultrasonic on instruments
27
sanitization should be done before
sterilization and disinfection
28
sterilization
destruction of all microbial forms (including spores)
29
types of sterilization (3)
heat filtration radiation
30
most common type of sterilization
heat
31
asepsis is
the exclusion of harmful microorganisms
32
asepsis is the condition in which
septic (infective) material is absent
33
asepsis includes the absence of (3)
bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms
34
asepsis is typical during
surgery
35
antiseptics are used on
living tissue
36
antiseptics as alcohol
coagulates the protein in bacteria
37
--% solution with water penetrates bacteria and is more effective than 100%
30%
38
disinfection
destruction of pathogenic microbes
39
disinfection doesn't destroy
spores and certain resistant microorganisms
40
what is our target for cubicle preparation?
disinfection
41
spauldings classification system
categorizes patient care items by their potential risk of infection
42
critical items in spauldings classification system
pierce the skin or mucosa | explorers, scalpels, burs. scalers
43
critical items need
sterilization
44
semi critical items in spauldings classification system
non-sharp items that enter the oral cavity | amalgam condensers, mirrors, reusable impression traps
45
semi critical items need
sterilization or high level disinfection
46
in spauldings classification system, dental handpick must be
heat sterilized - an exception - not just high level disinfectant - handpieces that can't be heat sterilized shouldn't be used
47
non critical items in spauldings classification system
items that don't enter the oral cavity, but may be touched | bracket table, counter tops, chair controls, light handles., computer keyboard
48
non critical items need
disinfection or plastic barrier
49
liquid chemical requirements (5)
``` surface (or item) cleaned of debris bio burden first adequate contact time correct temperature correct pH correct concentration ```
50
high level disinfectant destroys or inactivates
almost all microbial life
51
high level disinfectant does not kill
spores
52
high level disinfectant requires extended contact of
3-10 hours
53
high level disinfectant is also called
chemical sterilants
54
what type of items use high level disinfectant?
heat sensitive critical and semi critical items mainly medical items endoscopes
55
is high level disinfectant used in dentistry?
NO
56
intermediate level disinfectant destroys (4)
mycobacterium TB viruses fungi vegetative bacteria
57
what is used at UMKC to disinfect dental operators surfaces?
intermediate level disinfectant
58
is alcohol acceptable for instruments or surfaces?
no
59
does alcohol kill spores?
no
60
alcohol does not work in the presence of
blood and saliva
61
low level disinfectant
kills some viruses and fungi | used for floors and walls in dental operators and general house cleaning
62
administrative controls are the policies, procedures, and enforcement measures targeted at
reducing the risk of occupational exposure to infectious persons
63
engineering controls are devices which
isolate or remove the risk of exposure to bloodline pathogens in a workplace
64
examples of engineering controls (3)
instrument cassettes sharp containers needed recapping devices
65
work practice controls
procedures that reduce the likelihood of exposure to infectious materials by altering the manner in which a test is performed
66
examples of work practice controls (2)
recapping a needle using the one-handed scoop technique | replacing sharps containers when they are full
67
OSHA: regulated waste (4)
Blood or OPIM in liquid or semi-liquid state Items caked w/ dried blood or OPIM that may release it Contaminated sharps Pathological /microbiologic waste w/ blood or OPIM
68
regulated medical waste: UMKC (special handling: red biohazard bag) (5)
``` Solid waste soaked or saturated with blood or saliva contaminated sharp items Anesthetic carpules Scalpel blades Surgically removed hard and soft tissue ```
69
guidelines=
standard of care, often written info state laws
70
original dental CDC guidelines
1986 | revised since
71
patient to DHCP is
most likely
72
DHCP to patient is
very rare
73
patient to patient is
very rare
74
standard precautions
we treat every as if they are infectious | old term: universal
75
CDC guidelines are concerned with
blood | other body fluids
76
other body fluids include (3)
blood or not secretions, saliva exceptions (except sweat)
77
mucous membrane exposure
oral | nasal
78
latex allergy (3)
Type I (immediate) hypersensitivity to natural rubber latex protein Reactions may include nose, eye, and skin reactions More serious reactions may include respiratory distress–rarely shock or death
79
irritant contact dermatitis
not an allergy | dry, itchy, irritated areas
80
allergic contact dermatitis
type IV delayed hypersensitivity | may result from allergy to chemicals used in glove manufacturing
81
minimizing contact dermatitis and latex allergy
dry hands completely before donning gloves use only latex free gloves (we do) use only gloves w/o powder (we do)
82
ultrasonic cleaners
Use high-frequency sounds waves and cavitation to loosen and remove debris 16x more effective than hand scrubbing Less potential to injure self with instrument
83
instrument sterilization options (4)
``` Steam autoclave Dry heat Chemical vapor (Ethylene oxide) Chemical immersion (Gluteraldehydes, Quaternary ammonium compounds) ```
84
autoclave
Steam under pressure Most common Standard cycle: 250º F. @ 15 psi for 20 min
85
disadvantages to autoclave (2)
dulls cutting edges | rust
86
flash sterilizers
steam 273º / 30 psi for 3-10 min Not intended to be used as sole or primary method of sterilization We don’t have this
87
dry heat
320º F. (160º C.) for 2 hrs | 338º F. (170º C.) for 1 hr.
88
dry heat advantages (2)
Doesn’t dull cutting edges | Won’t rust (if instruments completely dry)
89
dry heat disadvantages (3)
long cycle handpicks won't tolerate poor penetration
90
chemiclave
Steam under pressure with chemical vapor | often formaldehyde
91
chemiclave advantage disadvantage
shorter cycle chemical vapor hazardous

Patient Care (15 decks)

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