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dental anatomy > Systemic anatomy and endocrine system > Flashcards

Systemic anatomy and endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Systemic anatomy is the study of the body’s organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions.

The integumentary system
The skeletal system
The articular system
The muscular system
The nervous system
The circulatory system
The cardiovascular system
The lymphatic system
The alimentary or digestive system
The respiratory system
The urinary system
The genital (reproductive) system
The endocrine system

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2
Q

Integumentary system

A

is the Organ system that covers the body
- It includes the skin (epidermis and dermis), hair, nails, sweat glands, and subcutaneous tissue, the tissue beneath the skin

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3
Q

The skeletal system

A

Consists of bones and cartilage

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4
Q

The articular system

A

The articular system consists of joints and their associated ligament

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5
Q

The muscular system

A

Consist of skeletal muscle that act (contract) to move or position parts of the body (e.g., the bones are articulate at joints), or smooth and cardiac muscle that propels, expels, or controls of flow fluids, and contained substances

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6
Q

The nervous system

A

The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia, together with their motor and sensory endings)

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7
Q

The circular system consist of the

A

Cardiovascular and lymphatic system

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8
Q

The cardiovascular system consists of the…

A

Heart and blood vessels

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9
Q

Lymphatic system is a network of

A

Lymphatic vessels

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10
Q

The digestive system

A

Alimentary or digestive system that consist of the digestive track from the mouth to the anus, with all its associated organs and glands that function in ingestion, mastication, etc

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11
Q

Respiratory system

A

Consist of the air passage in lungs

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12
Q

Urinary system

A

Consist of the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra

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13
Q

The genital (reproductive) system

A

General systems consist of the gonads, and the other genital organs concern with reproduction

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14
Q

Endocrine system

A
  • Regulating development, growth and metabolism
  • maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume
  • controlling digestive processes
  • controlling reproductive activities
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15
Q

Endocrine glands contain what type of tissue?

A

Epithelial

Endocrine glands makes and releases hormones within a connective tissue framework

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16
Q

Do endocrine glands have excretory ducts?

A

NO

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17
Q

What are specialized endocrine glands?

A

Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands

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18
Q

Diencephalon is located below the _______ _______, part of the telencephalon, and above the ____________

A
  • Corpus Collosum
  • Mesencephalon
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19
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • Epithalamus (Pineal Gland)
  • Thalamus
  • Sub-thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • The hypothalamus is the lowest level of the diencephalon, situated below the thalamus
  • provides neural control of the endocrine system
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21
Q

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A

Hypothalamus controls, pituitary, which controls the thyroid, adrenal, liver, testes, and ovaries

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22
Q

Does the pituitary gland lies inferior or superior to the hypothalamus in sella Turcica of sphenoid bone

A

inferior

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23
Q

What connects the pituitary, and the hypothalamus together

A

Infundibulum

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24
Q

What lies directly superior to the anterior pituitary

A

The optic chiasma

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25
Q

The pituitary gland consist of two lobes: what are they?

A
  • Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the hormone producing part
  • posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), hormone, releasing part
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26
Q

The anterior pituitary from Rathke’s pouch, which is an embryonic invagination of the _________ epithelium

A

Pharyngeal

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27
Q

Posterior pituitary from a ________ tissue outgrowth from the hypothalamus

A

neural

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28
Q

What do you call a posterior pituitary gland

A

Neurohypophysis

29
Q

What do you call an anterior pituitary?

A

Adenohypophysis

30
Q

Hypophyseal portal circulation

A

Connections of the hypothalamic nuclei to the anterior pituitary lobe

31
Q

The superior hypophyseal arteries

A

Surround the upper limits of the infundibulum (pituitary stalk)

  • the axons from neurons of the hypothalamic nuclei terminate at the plexus and secrete hormones, have been produced in smaller neurons of the hypothalamus
32
Q

These hormones are carried by the hypophyseal portal _________ system to capillaries in the anterior lobe, establishing communication between the hypothalamus and endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary

A

Venous

33
Q

What are the releasing hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary lobe?

A
  • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  • Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
  • Gonadotropin - releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Corticotropin - releasing hormone (CRH)
  • Growth Hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
34
Q

Inhibiting, hormones, inhibit release from cells of the anterior pituitary lobe

A
  • Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
  • Growth-inhibiting hormone (GIH)
35
Q

What are the hormones that are released by the interior pituitary lobe (Adenohypophysis)?

A
  • Prolactin (PRL or LTH)
  • growth hormone (GH)
  • adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
  • thyroid, stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
36
Q

The connection of the hypothalamic nuclei to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract)

A
37
Q

What lobe of pituitary is a storage and release site for oxytocin (OT) and anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

Posterior

38
Q

Are hormones made in the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary gland? What cells create the hormones

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Neurosecretory cells
39
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin) is made in the __________ nucleus

A

Supraoptic

40
Q

Oxytocin

A

made in paraventricular nucleus

41
Q

Acromegaly is a rare disease caused due to hyper secretion of

A

Growth hormone

42
Q

What are symptoms of acromegaly?

A
  • overgrowth of the mandible
  • maxillary widening
  • tooth separation
  • skeletal malocclusion
43
Q

__________ is a small unpaired body in the epithalamus of the diencephalon

A

Pineal Gland (Epiphysis)

44
Q

_______ secretes, melatonin at night and regulates circadian rhythm. It has an effect on mood.

A

Melatonin

45
Q

Inferior to the thyroid cartilage of larynx, anterior to the trachea

A

Thyroid gland

46
Q

________ - cuboidal epithelial cells that surround a central lumen, synthesize, thyroglobulin, produce and release thyroid hormone (TH)

  • T3 = Triiodothyronine
  • T4 = Tetraiodothyronine
A

Follicular cells

47
Q

__________ - Cells between follicles, make calcitonin

A

Parafollicular cells

48
Q

The thyroid gland is located in the anterior aspect of the neck, where it is easily visualized when enlarged known as _______

A

Goiter

49
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

A
  • salivary Glenn enlargement
  • macroglossia
  • Dysgeusia
  • delayed dental eruption
  • enamel hypoplasia in both dentitions
  • interior bite
  • thick lips
  • mouth breathing
50
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A
  • increased susceptibility to caries
  • increased the availability to periodontal disease
  • enlargement of glandular thyroid tissue
  • Burning mouth syndrome
  • accelerated dental eruption
  • maxillary and mandibular osteoporosis
  • development of connective tissue diseases like sjorgren’s syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus
51
Q

Which glands are posterior surface of the thyroid gland? What do they secrete?

A
  • Parathyroid glands
  • parathyroid hormone
52
Q

________ glands are two pairs of small, avoid, yellowish structures on the deep surface, the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland

A

Parathyroid glands

53
Q

The __________ (______) glands, yellowish in living persons, are located between the supermedial aspects of the kidneys in the diaphragm

A
  • Suprarenal (adrenal) glands
54
Q

Each supra renal gland has two parts: the suprarenal _______ and suprarenal ________

A

Cortex and medulla

55
Q

The suprarenal cortex derives from the…?

A

Mesoderm

56
Q

Adrenal cortex is controlled by the pituitary gland, responding to hormone called?

A

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

57
Q

The cells of adrenal cortex secrete what type of steroid hormones?

A
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Mineralcorticoids
  • Androgens
58
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Produced in response to stress

59
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Regulate blood volume

60
Q

Androgens

A

Control sexual development

61
Q

The suprarenal _______ is a mass of nervous tissue that derives from _______ crest cells. It secretes _________ (mostly epinephrine) into the bloodstream in response to signal from pre-synaptic neurons

A

Medulla/neural
- Catecholamines

62
Q

The _______ sits behind the stomach, between the duodenum and spleen

A

The pancreas

63
Q

What type of functions does the endocrine have?

A

Endocrine and exocrine

64
Q

the Pancreatic _____ (of _______) contains clusters of endocrine cells

A

Alpha, beta delta F cells

65
Q

What does alpha cells secrete?

A

Glucagon

Mnemonic: “GAS”

G: Glucagon
A: Alpha cells
S: Secrete
So, “GAS” reminds you that alpha cells secrete glucagon.

66
Q

What does beta cells secrete?

A

Insulin

Mnemonic: “BOI”
* B: Beta cells
* O: Output
* I: Insulin
So, “BOI” reminds you that beta cells output insulin.

67
Q

What does delta cells secrete?

A

Secrete Somatostatin

68
Q

What does F cells secrete?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

69
Q
A

dental anatomy (9 decks)

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