Systemic anatomy and endocrine system Flashcards
Systemic Anatomy
Systemic anatomy is the study of the body’s organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions.
The integumentary system
The skeletal system
The articular system
The muscular system
The nervous system
The circulatory system
The cardiovascular system
The lymphatic system
The alimentary or digestive system
The respiratory system
The urinary system
The genital (reproductive) system
The endocrine system
Integumentary system
is the Organ system that covers the body
- It includes the skin (epidermis and dermis), hair, nails, sweat glands, and subcutaneous tissue, the tissue beneath the skin
The skeletal system
Consists of bones and cartilage
The articular system
The articular system consists of joints and their associated ligament
The muscular system
Consist of skeletal muscle that act (contract) to move or position parts of the body (e.g., the bones are articulate at joints), or smooth and cardiac muscle that propels, expels, or controls of flow fluids, and contained substances
The nervous system
The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia, together with their motor and sensory endings)
The circular system consist of the
Cardiovascular and lymphatic system
The cardiovascular system consists of the…
Heart and blood vessels
Lymphatic system is a network of
Lymphatic vessels
The digestive system
Alimentary or digestive system that consist of the digestive track from the mouth to the anus, with all its associated organs and glands that function in ingestion, mastication, etc
Respiratory system
Consist of the air passage in lungs
Urinary system
Consist of the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra
The genital (reproductive) system
General systems consist of the gonads, and the other genital organs concern with reproduction
Endocrine system
- Regulating development, growth and metabolism
- maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume
- controlling digestive processes
- controlling reproductive activities
Endocrine glands contain what type of tissue?
Epithelial
Endocrine glands makes and releases hormones within a connective tissue framework
Do endocrine glands have excretory ducts?
NO
What are specialized endocrine glands?
Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands
Diencephalon is located below the _______ _______, part of the telencephalon, and above the ____________
- Corpus Collosum
- Mesencephalon
Diencephalon
- Epithalamus (Pineal Gland)
- Thalamus
- Sub-thalamus
- Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
- The hypothalamus is the lowest level of the diencephalon, situated below the thalamus
- provides neural control of the endocrine system
Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
Hypothalamus controls, pituitary, which controls the thyroid, adrenal, liver, testes, and ovaries
Does the pituitary gland lies inferior or superior to the hypothalamus in sella Turcica of sphenoid bone
inferior
What connects the pituitary, and the hypothalamus together
Infundibulum
What lies directly superior to the anterior pituitary
The optic chiasma
The pituitary gland consist of two lobes: what are they?
- Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the hormone producing part
- posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), hormone, releasing part
The anterior pituitary from Rathke’s pouch, which is an embryonic invagination of the _________ epithelium
Pharyngeal
Posterior pituitary from a ________ tissue outgrowth from the hypothalamus
neural
What do you call a posterior pituitary gland
Neurohypophysis
What do you call an anterior pituitary?
Adenohypophysis
Hypophyseal portal circulation
Connections of the hypothalamic nuclei to the anterior pituitary lobe
The superior hypophyseal arteries
Surround the upper limits of the infundibulum (pituitary stalk)
- the axons from neurons of the hypothalamic nuclei terminate at the plexus and secrete hormones, have been produced in smaller neurons of the hypothalamus
These hormones are carried by the hypophyseal portal _________ system to capillaries in the anterior lobe, establishing communication between the hypothalamus and endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary
Venous
What are the releasing hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary lobe?
- Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
- Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
- Gonadotropin - releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Corticotropin - releasing hormone (CRH)
- Growth Hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Inhibiting, hormones, inhibit release from cells of the anterior pituitary lobe
- Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
- Growth-inhibiting hormone (GIH)
What are the hormones that are released by the interior pituitary lobe (Adenohypophysis)?
- Prolactin (PRL or LTH)
- growth hormone (GH)
- adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
- thyroid, stimulating hormone (TSH)
- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
The connection of the hypothalamic nuclei to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract)
What lobe of pituitary is a storage and release site for oxytocin (OT) and anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)?
Posterior
Are hormones made in the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary gland? What cells create the hormones
- Hypothalamus
- Neurosecretory cells
Anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin) is made in the __________ nucleus
Supraoptic
Oxytocin
made in paraventricular nucleus
Acromegaly is a rare disease caused due to hyper secretion of
Growth hormone
What are symptoms of acromegaly?
- overgrowth of the mandible
- maxillary widening
- tooth separation
- skeletal malocclusion
__________ is a small unpaired body in the epithalamus of the diencephalon
Pineal Gland (Epiphysis)
_______ secretes, melatonin at night and regulates circadian rhythm. It has an effect on mood.
Melatonin
Inferior to the thyroid cartilage of larynx, anterior to the trachea
Thyroid gland
________ - cuboidal epithelial cells that surround a central lumen, synthesize, thyroglobulin, produce and release thyroid hormone (TH)
- T3 = Triiodothyronine
- T4 = Tetraiodothyronine
Follicular cells
__________ - Cells between follicles, make calcitonin
Parafollicular cells
The thyroid gland is located in the anterior aspect of the neck, where it is easily visualized when enlarged known as _______
Goiter
Symptoms of hypothyroidism
- salivary Glenn enlargement
- macroglossia
- Dysgeusia
- delayed dental eruption
- enamel hypoplasia in both dentitions
- interior bite
- thick lips
- mouth breathing
Hyperthyroidism
- increased susceptibility to caries
- increased the availability to periodontal disease
- enlargement of glandular thyroid tissue
- Burning mouth syndrome
- accelerated dental eruption
- maxillary and mandibular osteoporosis
- development of connective tissue diseases like sjorgren’s syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus
Which glands are posterior surface of the thyroid gland? What do they secrete?
- Parathyroid glands
- parathyroid hormone
________ glands are two pairs of small, avoid, yellowish structures on the deep surface, the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
The __________ (______) glands, yellowish in living persons, are located between the supermedial aspects of the kidneys in the diaphragm
- Suprarenal (adrenal) glands
Each supra renal gland has two parts: the suprarenal _______ and suprarenal ________
Cortex and medulla
The suprarenal cortex derives from the…?
Mesoderm
Adrenal cortex is controlled by the pituitary gland, responding to hormone called?
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
The cells of adrenal cortex secrete what type of steroid hormones?
- Glucocorticoids
- Mineralcorticoids
- Androgens
Glucocorticoids
Produced in response to stress
Mineralocorticoids
Regulate blood volume
Androgens
Control sexual development
The suprarenal _______ is a mass of nervous tissue that derives from _______ crest cells. It secretes _________ (mostly epinephrine) into the bloodstream in response to signal from pre-synaptic neurons
Medulla/neural
- Catecholamines
The _______ sits behind the stomach, between the duodenum and spleen
The pancreas
What type of functions does the endocrine have?
Endocrine and exocrine
the Pancreatic _____ (of _______) contains clusters of endocrine cells
Alpha, beta delta F cells
What does alpha cells secrete?
Glucagon
Mnemonic: “GAS”
G: Glucagon
A: Alpha cells
S: Secrete
So, “GAS” reminds you that alpha cells secrete glucagon.
What does beta cells secrete?
Insulin
Mnemonic: “BOI”
* B: Beta cells
* O: Output
* I: Insulin
So, “BOI” reminds you that beta cells output insulin.
What does delta cells secrete?
Secrete Somatostatin
What does F cells secrete?
Pancreatic polypeptide
