Introduction to anatomy Flashcards
cytology
Is the study of body cells in their internal structure?
Histology
Is a study of tissues
Systemic anatomy
Studies the anatomy of each body system
Regional Anatomy🫀🫁🧠
Examines the structure in a body region
Surface anatomy
Is the study of external anatomical features without dissection
Comparative anatomy
Examines, anatomical, similarities, and differences in different species
Embryology
Studies, developmental changes from conception to birth
Pathological Anatomy🫀🫁🧠
Examines microscopic, microscopic, anatomical changes
Graphic Anatomy🫀🫁🧠
Investigates internal structures visualized by scanning proper procedures
System, Anatomy🫀🫁🧠:
Systemic anatomy is the study of the body’s organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions.
The integumentary system
The skeletal system
The articular system
The muscular system
The nervous system
The circulatory system
The cardiovascular system
The lymphatic system
The alimentary or digestive system
The respiratory system
The urinary system
The genital (reproductive) system
The endocrine system
Regional Anatomy🫀🫁🧠
Regional anatomy (topographical anatomy) considers the organization of the human body as major parts or segments.
Head
Neck
Trunk
back
thorax
abdomen
pelvis/perineum
paired upper limbs and lower limbs.
All the major parts may be further subdivided into areas and regions.
Regions of the head
- Frontal region, parietal, occipital, temporal, Auricular, 6. mastoid
Facial region:
7. Orbital, Infra-orbital, buccal, Parotid, zygomatic, Nasal, Oral region, 14. Mental region
Surface Anatomy
Structures are perceptible to touch (Palpable) in the living body at rest and in action
Physical examination:
- Palpation
- ophthalmoscope
- Stethoscope
Clinical anatomy
The … nerve provides innervation to this area of muscle,” clinical anatomy asks, “paralysis of some or all facial muscles on the affected side indicates a lesion of which nerve?”
Anatomical cavity (important) slide 10
Dorsal cavity and ventral cavity
Dorsal cavity
Completely encased in bone subdivided into cranial cavity and vertebral cavity
Cranial cavity (endocardium)
Is formed by bones of the cranium. Houses the brain
vertebral canal
Is formed by the bones of the vertebral column. Houses the spinal cord.
Ventral cavity
Interiorly placed in the body portioned into:
- Superior thoracic cavity
- Inferior abdominopelvic pelvic cavity
Anatomicomedical Terminology
Anatomical position
Anatomical planes and sections
Terms of relationship and comparison
Terms of laterality
Terms of movement
Anatomical variation
Anatomical position
The anatomical position is the standard reference position of the body used to describe the location of structures
Characteristics of anatomic position:
- head, eyes (gaze), and toes directed anteriorly
- upper limbs by the sides with the palm facing interiorly
- lower limbs close together with the feet parallel in the toes directly
Anatomical planes
Anatomical descriptions are based on the four imaginary planes that intersect the body in the anatomical position
Medium plain
Median sagittal plane, the vertical anterior posterior plane, devise a body into right and left halves
Sagittal planes
Vertical planes passing to the body parallel to the median plane
Anatomical sections
The main use of anatomic plants to describe sections
Frontal (coronal) planes
Are vertical planes dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
Transverse planes
Are horizontal planes dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
Note: radiologist referred to transverse plan as transaxial, which is commonly shortened to axial planes
Longitudinal sections
Run length ways or parallel to the long axis of the body
Note: median, sagittal, and frontal plants are the standard longitudinal sections
Transverse section (cross section)
Our slices of the body, or its parts that are cut at right angles to the longitude of axis of the body, or of any of its parts
Oblique sections
Are slices of the body or any of its parts that are not cut along the previously listed anatomical planes
Superior
Cranial
Upward or near the head
Cranial: located toward the head
Inferior
Caudal
- Downward, or near the feet
- Located toward the tail
Posterior
What is a synonym for posterior?
- the back service of the body or near to the back
- synonym: dorsal
- Anterior
- What is a synonym?
- __________ is often used instead of interior when describing parts of the brain
- located toward the front
- ventral
- Rostral
Medial
A structure that is near to the median plane of the body
Lateral
A structure that is farther away from the medium plane
Superficial
Situated near the surface
Intermediate
Between a superficial and a deep structure
Deep
Situated deep beneath the surface
External
Outside of or farther from the center of an organ or cavity
Internal
Inside or closer to the center, independent of direction
Proximal
Close to, or to the trunk or point of Origin
Distal
Away from the trunk or point of origin (toward the end of the limb)
Dorsal
Pertaining to the back of the hand or top of the foot
Palmar
Pertain to the palm of the hand
Planter
Pertain to the sole of the foot
Terms of laterality
- Bilateral
- Unilateral
- Ipsilateral
- contralateral
Bilateral
Peered structures having right and left members
unilateral
On one side only
Ipsilateral
Occurring on the same side of the body as another structure
Contralateral
Occur on the opposite side of the body relative to another structure
Flexion
Bending, or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body
Extension
Straightening, or increase in the angle between the bones or parts of the body extension usually occurs in a poster direction
Dorsiflexion
Describes flexion at the ankle joint, as occurs when walking, uphill, or lifting the front of the foot and toes off the ground
Planarflexion
Bends the foot and toes toward the ground, as when standing on your toes
Abduction
Moving away from the median plane
Adduction
Moving toward the median plane
Right and left lateral flexion (Lateral bending)
Our special forms of abduction for only the neck and trunk
Rotation
Rotation, medial rotation, and lateral rotation
Rotation
Turning or revolving part of the body around its longitudinal axis, such as turning one’s head to face sideways
Medial rotation
Internal rotation: brings the interior surface of a limb closer to the median plane
Lateral rotation
External rotation: takes anterior surface away from the median plane
Supination
Is the opposite rotation movement, rotating the forearm laterally
Memory: you can hold soup in the palm of your hand when the flexed forearm is supinated, but are prone (likely) to spill it if the forearm is then pronated!)
Pronation
Rotates the forearm medially
Circumduction
Is it circular movement that involves sequential flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction (or in the opposite order) in such a way that the distal end of the part moves in a circle
Opposition
Is the movement by which the pad of the first digit (thumb) is brought to another pad
Reposition
The movement of the first digit from the position of opposition back to the anatomical position
Protraction
Anterolateral movements of the scapula on the thoracic wall, causing the shoulder region to move anteriorly
Retraction
Posteromedial movements of the scapula and the thoracic wall, caused the shoulder region to move posteriorly
Elevation
Races or moves apart, superiorly, as an elevating, the shoulders, when shrugging, the upper eyelid, when opening the eye, or the tongue would push it up against the palate (roof of mouth)
Depression
Lowers or moves apart inferiorly, as in depressing the shoulders, when standing at ease, the upper eyelid, when closing the eye, pulling the tongue away from the palate.
Protrusion
An anteriorly (forward) movement as in protruding the mandible chin, lips, or tongue
Retrursion
Movement posteriorly (backward), as in retruding the mandible, lips, or tongue
Eversion
Moves the soul of the foot away from the medium plane, turning the sole laterally
Inversion
Move to soul of the foot toward the median plane (facing the sole medially)
