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dental anatomy > Introduction to Nervous System > Flashcards

Introduction to Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system is structurally divided into?

A
  1. Central nervous system.
  2. Peripheral nervous system
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2
Q

The nervous system is functionally divided into:

A
  1. Somatic nervous system.
  2. Autonomic nervous system.
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3
Q

Is the somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

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4
Q

Is the autonomic nervous system, voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

Absolutely! Here’s a simpler mnemonic:

“Auto-Pilot, No Input”

So, “Auto-Pilot, No Input” can help you remember that the autonomic nervous system operates automatically without conscious input.

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5
Q

What are the cells of the nervous system?

A

Neurons and neuroglia

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6
Q

Neurons

A

Functional unit, nervous systems specialized for fast communication

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7
Q

Neuroglia

A

More abundant than neurons
Function to support, nourish, and insulate neurons

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8
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

“Silly Insects Make Noise”

S: Sensory neurons
I: Interneurons
M: Motor neurons
N: (to remember “noise”)

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9
Q

_______ neurons mainly pseudo unipolar, some are bipolar

A

Sensory neurons

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10
Q

______ neurons mostly multipolar

A

Motor neurons

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11
Q

________ found in CNS and connect different neurons

A

Neurons

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12
Q

Central nervous system is composed of

A

Brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

The central nervous system’s composition is both composed of ______ and ______ matter

A

Gray and white matter

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14
Q

What type of matter is the location of nerve cell bodies?

A

Gray

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15
Q

What type of matter has interconnecting tracks containing nerve axons? What causes the coloration of this type of matter

A

White matter
- axons are covered in Myelin, which give white matter is color

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16
Q

What type of cells make Myelin in the CNS?

A

Neuroglial cells called oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

What direction does the motor versus the sensory neurons go?

A

Motor and descending (efferent) pathways

  • sensory and ascending (afferent) pathways
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18
Q

In the CNS collections of cell bodies are organized into _____

A

Nuclei

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19
Q

Interconnecting nerve fibers (axons) are organized into _____

A

tracts

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20
Q

Gray matter in the spinal cord organized into:

A
  • ventral horn
  • dorsal horn
  • Lateral horn
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21
Q

What is the function of the Ventral horn?

A

Motor

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22
Q

What is the function of the dorsal horn?

A

Sensory

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23
Q

What is the function of the lateral horn? It goes from T1 to _____: ? Is it parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

L2
Sympathetic

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24
Q

If you’re having pain in your shoulder or your neck, what could be the possible organ that’s affecting that area?

A

The thymus and spleen

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25
Q

If you’re having pain in your chest, and the pain goes all the way down to your pinky, what could be the cause of that

A

Your heart

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26
Q

If you’re having pain that goes from your middle of your stomach down to your legs, what could be the possible organs?

A

Small intestines, ovaries, kidney, urinary bladder, and ureter

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27
Q

The central nervous system is protected by three membrane layers called?

A

Meninges

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28
Q

Nerve fibers envy PNS or CNS can’t be myelinated/unmyelinated

A

The PNS

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29
Q

Mylan in the PNS is produced by ________ cells.

A

Schwann cells

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30
Q

Which cell is limited to one axon the Schwann cell or oligodendrocytes?

A

Schwan cells

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31
Q

Where are the Oligodendrocytes located?

A

They are located in the CNS

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32
Q

Where does the spinal cord start from and where does it end?

A

Starts from Raymond Magnum until L1

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33
Q

Termination of spinal cord is named?

A

Conus medularis

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34
Q

The spinal cord is anchored in place by?

A

Filum terminale

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35
Q

A group of nerves, stemming from the end of the spinal cord is known as?

A

Cauda Equina

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36
Q

The first spinal nerve emerges above or below C1

A

Above

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37
Q

How many cervical vertebras are there and how many nerves are there?

A

There are seven cervical vertebras and nerves

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38
Q

Note that the nerves in the cervical region are named above the cervical bone

A
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39
Q

How many thoracic vertebra are there?

A

T1 through T12

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40
Q

How many lumbar regions are there?

A

L1-l5

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41
Q

How many sacral regions are there?

42
Q

What is the name of the tail of the spine?

A

Coccygeal Co

43
Q

Do the spinal nerves exit at the level they originate?

A

No, For example, S1 spinal Nerve originates at the L1-L2

44
Q

Are sensory information efferent or afferent? What is the pathway?

A
  1. Dorsal Ramus
  2. Spinal Nerve
  3. Dorsal root ganglion (sensory cell bodies)
  4. Dorsal Root
  5. Dorsal rootles
  6. Dorsal Horn (Sensory/afferent)
45
Q

Are motor information afferent or efferent? What is the direction of the pathway

A

Brain
CNS
ventral horn (sensory/afferent)
ventral rootlets
ventral root
spinal nerve
ventral ramus

46
Q

What is the definition of Efferent Neurons?

A

Efferent Neurons (Motor Neurons):
Definition: Efferent neurons carry signals away from the central nervous system (CNS) to effectors, which are usually muscles or glands.
Function: Efferent neurons transmit signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles to produce movement or to glands to release hormones.
Mnemonic for remembering “efferent”: “Exit” - Efferent neurons exit the CNS.

47
Q

What does afferent neurons mean?

A

Afferent Neurons (Sensory Neurons):
Definition: Afferent neurons carry signals from the periphery (sensory receptors) to the central nervous system (CNS).
Function: Afferent neurons transmit sensory information, such as touch, pain, temperature, and other sensations, from sensory receptors to the brain or spinal cord.
Mnemonic for remembering “afferent”: “Arrive” - Afferent neurons arrive at the CNS with sensory information.

48
Q

What does “Dive into sensation, Vroom to Motion” mean?

A

“Dive into Sensation, Vroom to Motion”

In this phrase:

Dive into Sensation: Reminds you that sensory information is associated with the dorsal horn.
Vroom to Motion: Indicates that motor information is associated with the ventral horn.
So, “Dive into Sensation, Vroom to Motion” can help you remember the functions of the dorsal and ventral horns.

49
Q

True or false?
The ventral rami contain both Sensory/afferent and motor/efferent fibers

50
Q

True or false?
Ventral rami contain both sensory/afferent and Motor/efferent fibers

51
Q

What are the functional divisions of “Somatic Nervous system”?

A

Somatic nervous system: General motor (Efferent) and General Sensory (Afferent)

52
Q

What are the Functional divisions of the Autonomic nervous system?

A

Autonomic nervous system:
- Visceral sensory (afferent)
- Visceral Motor (efferent): Sympathetic (“Flight or Fight”) and Parasympathetic (“Rest and Digest”)

53
Q

Is visceral motor efferent or afferent?

A

Visceral motor is efferent and visceral sensory is afferent

54
Q

Is the sympathetic and parasympathetic under visceral motor or sensory? is this an autonomic or somatic nervous system?

A

Visceral motor and autonomic nervous system

55
Q

Somatic Nervous system:

Involuntary or voluntary?

t/f: includes somatic parts of CNS and PNS

T/F: Provides sensory and motor innervation to most of the body except viscera, glands, and smooth muscle

T/F: Somatic sensory fibers transmit sensation of touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception information

A

Voluntary
True
True
True

56
Q

________ division regulates involuntary body responses i.e. blood vessels

57
Q

________ division involves voluntary movement by skeletal muscles

A

Somatic division

58
Q

Efferent Neurons (aka ________ neurons) :
Carry Motor info from brain to _________ nervous system aka what type of neurons?

Where are the celll bodies located?

A
  • aka motor neurons
  • Peripheral nervous system
  • Cell bodies are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
59
Q

Afferent neurons aka (________ neurons):
Carry sensory inform from receptors in skin/other organs to which nervous system?

Where are the cell bodies located?

A
  • Sensory neurons
  • Central Nervous system
  • Cell bodies are located outside of the Spinal Cord
60
Q

Autonomic nervous system:

  • Involuntary or voluntary
  • T/F: “Visceral” nervous system
  • ______ motor fibers stimulate cariac and sooth muscle, as well as glands

-

A
  • Involuntary
  • True
  • Visceral motor fibers
61
Q

Visceral motor nerve fibers and ganglia can be organized into _________ and ________

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

62
Q

Autonomic nervous system:

The visceral motor can be divided into ________ and _________

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

63
Q

Which is your “flight or fight response” and responsible for your “rest and digest”?

A

Sympathetic - “flight or fight response”

Parasympathetic - “Rest and digest”

64
Q

Parasympathetic vs sympathetic:

  • decreases heart rate
  • visceral vessels dilate
  • pupils constrict
  • stimulate sexual arousal
A

Parasympathetic

65
Q

Sympathetic: T/F

  • decreases heart rate
  • inhibits glucose release from the liver
  • Stimulates dilation of airway
  • pupils dilate
  • orgasm
A

False - it increases heart rate
False - inhibits glucose release from the liver
True
True
True

66
Q

Autonomic nervous system: visceral motor

explain the structure differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

starting from the CNS to the “visceral” organs using the terms long/short fibers

A

“Short sympathetic sprinter” - means short pre-ganglionic neurons then long post-ganglionic neurons

Parasympathetic - vise versa

67
Q

Visceral motor: sympathetic nervous system

what region of the vertebrae does the nerves innervate?

How can the axons travel up and down?

A

“Throracolumbarjacks” region

T1-L2

Axons enter the Trunk ganglion and travel via the sympathetic chain

68
Q

Visceral Motor: Sympathetic Nervous system

Fibers enter the sympathetic chain as ________ rami communicates (myelinated)

69
Q

fibers that exit the sympathetic chain as _______ rami communicantes (unmyelinated)

70
Q

Pre-ganglionic fibers that don’t synapse on the sympathetic trunk can combine with fibers from other levels and form __________ nerves

A

Splanchnic nerves

71
Q

Visceral motor: Parasympathetic nervous system

what region do they leave from?

A

Craniosacral

  • C3, 7, 9, and 10
  • Sacral spinal cord (S2-S4)
71
Q

The splanchnic nerves synapse on which type of ganglia and then go target organs?

A

pre-vertebral ganglia

71
Q

Is the visceral sensory part of the Autonomic Nervous system or Somatic Nervous system? Why?

A

Autonomic Nervous system

  • They travel through the visceral motor fibers
72
Q

The somatic motor pathways involves at least ______ neurons

73
Q

What type of motor neurons are there?

A

Upper motor neurons (UPM)

Lower motor neuron (LMN)

74
Q

What does the upper motor neurons do (UPM)

A

The cell body is located in the cerebral cortex or brainstem

  • their actions terminate in either brain stem or spinal cord, and give rise to descending tracts (in CNS)
75
Q

Lower motor neuron (LMN)

  • Connect UPM to _______
  • There can be an _______ in between
  • where are the central bodies located?
A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Interneuron
  • Ventral horn or brainstem
76
Q

Do motor neurons innervate the ventral or dorsal horn

77
Q

For the somatic pathway: sensory

-involves how many neurons and what are their names?

A

3

  • first order neuron
  • Second order neuron
  • third order neuron
78
Q

First order neuron

  • what does it do and where does it transmit information?
A

Detect stimulus, and transmit signal to spinal cord or brainstem

79
Q

Second order neuron

Where the cell bodies
Where does the axons typically continue to?

A

The cell bodies are located in the spinal cord or brain stem, and the axon typically continues to the thalamus

80
Q

Third ordered neuron

Carries signal to the _________

A

Cerebral cortex

81
Q

Are the sensory neurons, efferent or afferent in the somatic pathways?

82
Q

what is the direction of the sensory stimulus and where are the cell bodies located?

A

The ventral/dorsal ramus connect into the spinal nerve, and then the dorsal root ganglion (sensory cell bodies) move up the dorsal root then reach the dorsal rootlets and finally tarp the dorsal horn

83
Q

Is the sympathetic innovation, autonomic or somatic?

84
Q

Parasympathetic or sympathetic innervation:

  1. Synapse at same level and exit through ______ rami to target body wall/limb structures (sweat glands, arrestor oili mm., blood vessels)
A

Sympathetic innervation

and exit through the ventral rami

85
Q

Sympathetic innervation

True or false:
2. the Sympathetic innervation can travel up or down the chain to synapse at a different level and exit to target body wall/limb structures (Sweat glands, arrector pili mm., and blood vessels)

86
Q

sympathetic innervation:

True or false:

Travel through the chain WITHOUT synapsing, exit as a _________ to synapse on pre aortic ganglia, and then go to target organ

A

TRUE AND SPLANCHNIC

87
Q

Sympathetic to head originate in the upper _______ levels and enters the sympathetic chain via WHITE OR GRAY rami communicantes

  • Then they travel UP or DOWN the chain to the vertical region
  • Synapse in the _______ ganglion closest to the target
  • Exit the chain via WHITE OR GRAY rami communicates and travel to target
A
  • Thoracic
  • White rami communicantes
  • UP
  • Cervical Ganglion
  • Gray rami communicantes
88
Q

Autonomic Pathways: Sympathetic to thorax

  • Where does it originate?
  • exit through white or gray rami?
  • what are some targets
A
  • (T1-T12)
  • Gray rami
  • Heart, lungs, and blood vessels
89
Q

Sympathetic to Abdomen:

  • Originate in the thorax as the _____, _____, and _____ Thoracic splanchnic nerves
  • Synapse or pass through ______/______ ganglia
  • exit via white or gray rami communicantes to target structures

Lumber levels L1-L2 have lumbar ________ nerves. contributing to abdomen

A
  • greater, lesser, and least thoracic splanchnic nerves
  • Preaortic/prevertebral ganglia
  • Gray rami communicantes
  • lumbar splanchnic nerves
90
Q

Sympathetics to Pelvis

  • Originate from two sources:
    1.) Leftover ______ and ______ splanchnic
    2.) _______ splanchnics from the sympathetic chain in the sacral region

Are sacral Sphlanchnics sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A
  • Thoracic and lumbar
  • Sacral Splanchnics
  • Sympathetic
91
Q

Is the cranial parasympathetic autonomic or somatic?

92
Q

What are the 4 PS ganglia for cranial nerves?

A
  • CNIII oculomotor (to eye)
  • CNVII facial (to submandibular and sublingual glands, lacrimal glands and nasal mucosa)
  • CNIX Glossopharyngeal (to the parotid gland)
93
Q

cranial Nerve _____: oculomotor to eye

94
Q

CN_____ facial (to submandibular and sublingual glands, lacrimal gland and nasal mucosa)

95
Q

CN____ Glossopharyngeal (to the parotid gland)

96
Q

Sacral parasympathetics

Cervical/lumbar/ or sacral 2-4 parasympathetic fibers that coalesce into the _______ splanchnic nerves

Pelvic splanchnic nerves are sympathetic or parasympathetic

A

Pelvic and parasympathetic

97
Q
A

sensory neural signal

98
Q
A

ventral horn –> ventral tootles –> ventral roots –> ventral ramus

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