Synovial joints

Question 1

what are immovable joints

Answer 1

Synarthrosis

Question 2

give an example of a synarthrosis joint

Answer 2

between cranial bones

Question 3

what are slightly movable joints

Answer 3

Amphiarthrosis

Question 4

what are the properties of an amphiarthrosis joints and give an example

Answer 4

osseos surfaces connected by fibrocartilage discs
ex) intervertebral disc between vertebrae

Question 5

What is a synovial joint

Answer 5

Diarthrosis
freely movable

Question 6

what are the features of a synovial joint

Answer 6

articular cartilage covering the bone ends
joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
synovial membrane that encases the joint
ligaments, tendons

Question 7

what is a meniscus

Answer 7

cartilage pad between the joint made of collagen 1
has an outer edge of vascularisation and innervation

Question 8

what is a bursae

Answer 8

fluid filled structure between tendon and bone to remove friction

Question 9

name the cartilage in articular joints

Answer 9

hyaline cartilage

Question 10

what is the function of chondrocytes

Answer 10

synthesis and secrete cartilage extracellular matrix
ex) collagens and proteoglycans

and produce enzymes and cytokines

Question 11

how can you identify hyaline cartilage histology

Answer 11

purple stain due to chondrocyte nucleus

Question 12

what is found within elastic cartilage

Answer 12

chondrocytes
elastic fibres
type 2 collagen

Question 13

what cartilage are amphiarthrosis joints made of

Answer 13

fibrocartilage

Question 14

where is the periochondrion found

Answer 14

between chondrocytes and extracellular matrix

Question 15

what makes up a proteoglycan

Answer 15

protein + negatively charged glycosaminoglycans

Question 16

what cartilage type to chondrocytes make up the majority of

Answer 16

hyaline

Question 17

how do chondrocytes communicate

Answer 17

attach to extracellular matrix with integrins

Question 18

what makes up the extracellular matrix

Answer 18

proteoglycans (for rigidity)
collagen fibres
attachment proteins

Question 19

name the different zones of growth plate growth

Answer 19

resting zone
proliferative zone
prehypertrophic zone
hypertrophic zone
trabecular bone

Question 20

what occurs in the hypertrophic zone

Answer 20

bone growth - matrix begins to mineralise

Question 21

what is synovium

Answer 21

joint capsule
encloses the joint preventing synovial fluid from leaking out

Question 22

what are the layers of the joint capsule made of

Answer 22

outer made of collagen 1
inner made of synoviocytes

Question 23

what is synovial membrane

Answer 23

inner layer of the joint capsule

Question 24

what secreted synovial fluid

Answer 24

synoviocytes

Question 25

what is the function of synovial fluid

Answer 25

lubricate the joints and provide the joint with nutrients

Question 26

what is the function of the meniscus

Answer 26

stabilise the joint

Question 27

what is the hoop stress mechanism

Answer 27

how the fibres are arranged around the meniscus to minimise the force pushed upon it (spread the force out)

Question 28

what is the interphase between cartilage and bone

Answer 28

tidemark

Question 29

what is the main type of collagen found in tendons

Answer 29

type 1

Question 30

name the connective tissue surrounding bundles in a tendon

Answer 30

endo tendon

Question 31

what is the function of ligaments

Answer 31

prevent the joint from moving too much

Question 32

describe how cartilage is nourished

Answer 32

plasma from blood and synovial fluid flow to the articular cartilage matrix and nutrients (water) gets trapped, then flows into the cavity and then leaves (constant flow)