Muscle Basics

Question 1

what are the different types of muscle

Answer 1

smooth
skeletal
cardiac

Question 2

which muscle type is striated

Answer 2

skeletal (voluntary)

Question 3

what is the collective name for the connective tissue in and around the muscle

Answer 3

fascia
(endo-, peri-, epi-mysium)

Question 4

how are muscles attached to bone

Answer 4

tendon - collagen fibres continue as sharpey fibres connect to the periosteum

Question 5

why are muscles singly innervated

Answer 5

better coordinated muscle contraction

Question 6

what is the composition of a tendon

Answer 6

bundle of regularly arranged collagen fibres (primary, secondary, tertiary)

Question 7

what are tendon sheaths and bursae

Answer 7

sacs/tubes containing cavities filled with synovial fluid and synovial lining

Question 8

what is the function of tendon bursae

Answer 8

prevent friction between skin, muscle, tendon, bone

Question 9

what is the function of a tendon sheath

Answer 9

allow frictionless movement of tendon over bone and under retinaculum

Question 10

what is the retinaculum

Answer 10

extension of the fascia that holds tendons in place

Question 11

what holds bone to bone

Answer 11

ligaments

Question 12

what creates the different ligament colours

Answer 12

white is collagen rich
yellow elastic fibre rich

Question 13

what does the force a muscle can generate depend on

Answer 13

fibres in parallel
force is proportional to the muscle cross section

Question 14

what are pennate muscles

Answer 14

muscles where fibres offset from muscle line

Question 15

what are parallel muscles

Answer 15

densly packed fibres
0 degrees to the line of action

Question 16

what are the different types of skeletal muscle in order of offset fibre lines

Answer 16

strap
spindle
pennate
bipennate

Question 17

what is the midline of the muscle called

Answer 17

linea alba

Question 18

what is muscle shortening called

Answer 18

concentric contraction

Question 19

what is eccentric contraction

Answer 19

muscle lengthening

Question 20

what is it called when the muscle stays the same length

Answer 20

isometric contracting

Question 21

what are the muscles in an antagonistic pair

Answer 21

agonist - prime mover
antagonist - does opposing mover

Question 22

what are synergists muscles

Answer 22

muscles that help modify the agonist without contributing to the action

Question 23

what are the muscle attachment points

Answer 23

origin
insertion

Question 24

what is the moment arm

Answer 24

the perpendicular distance from the joint

Question 25

which moment arm needs less force and why

Answer 25

larger moment arm (muscle further away from the joint) as there is more leverage

Question 26

which moment arm needs more force

Answer 26

shorter momentum arm

Question 27

what is type 1 muscle

Answer 27

slow oxidative

Question 28

what is type 2 muscle

Answer 28

2a is fast oxidative
2b is fast glycolytic

Question 29

how can you recognise oxidative fibres (red muscle)

Answer 29

myoglobin firbres
many mitochondria
good capillary supply

Question 30

what is white muscle

Answer 30

fast twitch (fast glycolytric)

Question 31

how are muscles named

Answer 31

number of heads
body location
fibres
action