Bone Basics Flashcards
what are Long Bones
Corticol (Compact Bones)
what is the middle of the bone called
Diaphysis
what is the end of the bone called
epiphysis
(can be proximal or distal)
where does the middle of the bone meet the end of the bone
metaphyis
(can be proximal or distal)
where is bone marrow found
in the medullary cavity
what is the outer sheath of the bone and what is its function?
Periosteum
supplies bone with blood, nerves, cells
which cell in bones are stem cells
osteogenic
what cells found in bones resorb bone
osteoclasts
what is the functions of osteoblasts
forms bone matrix
what cells found in bones maintains bone tissue
osteocytes
what are Haversian canals
grooves made as osteoclasts eat away at bone and osteocytes refill it (in bone remodelling)
what are trabeculae
bundle of fibres in the Cancellous (spongy) region of bone
define bone remodelling
continuous deposition and resorption of bone
What is Wolfs law?
bones orient themselves to resist forces acted upon them due to the presence of tension lines
what are some functions of bone
support
levers for movement
protection
mineral homeostasis
haemoatopoesis
what is compact bone filled with
mixture of organic (collagen) and inorganic substances (minerals)
how may bones be classified
cranial - postcranial
axial - appendicular
endochondral - intramembranus
long, short, flat, sesamoid, irregular
what is the term for growth plates
physes
where are sesamoid bones found
near tendons + ligaments + joints
define apophysis
protuberance developed from independent ossification centres
define foramen
opening
define fossa
shallow depression or hollow
how are dorsal skull bones formed
endochondrally
how are ventral skull bones formed
endochondrally
how are dorsal skull bones formed
intramembranous
why does the skull have many foramina
allow passage of nerves and blood vessles
describe the bones in the skull
paired and from different ossification centres (fibrous tissue separate them when young, but then fuse together as an adult)
what attaches to the madndibular temporalis
caronoid process
where to mandibular bones join
at the symphysis
what is the function of the hyoid bone
suspend the tongue and larynx from the skull
name the vertebral bones
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
caudal
what is the rib proper
dorsal bony bit
what is the costal cartilage
ventral cartilage part
what does the rib articulate to
2 successive vertebrae and the sternum directly
what is the floating rib
the cartilage of the last rib doesnt connect
what is the cranial element of the sternum called
manubrium
what is the xiphoid cartilage
base of the sternum
name the different parts of the pectoral limb
scapula
clavicle
humerus
radius and ulna
carpal bone
metacarpal bone
phalanges
where is the accessory carpal bone
lateral
(little lateral bone)
how are the metacarpal bones labelled
I to V
medial to lateral
where are the paired proximal sesamoid bone
palmer MCP joint
name the bones of the pelvis
ilium
pubis
ischium
what are the parts of the pelvic limb
pelvis
femur
patella
fabellae
tibia and fibula
tarsal bone
metatarsals
phalanges
where is the acetabulum
socket where the lateral face of the femur articulates with the fusion of the ileum, pubis, ischium
name the bony prominence of the femur
prominent trochanters
what type of bone is the patella
sesamoid
what is the Fabellae
small sesamoid bone opposite the patella in dogs
which of the tibia and fibula are medial or lateral
tibia medial
fibula lateral
name the proximal row of the tarsal bones
talus (medial) and calcaneus (lateral)
name the bones of the the proximal row of the carpal bones
radial carpal (medial)
intermedial carpal
ulner carpal (lateral)
what type of bones to birds have
Pneumatised bone (hollow for flight)
how is the thoracic limb in birds modified
(wing)
strong pectoral girdle with additional coracoid bone
how is the bird adapted for flight
pneumatised bones
modified thoracic limb
huge sternum keel (for flight muscle attachment)
what is the purpose of the medullary bone in birds
is a calcium storage
why do reptiles have slow bone healing
less bone remodelling due to no Haversian bone system
describe reptilian locamotion
lateromedial vertebral flexibility
how is the reptilian vertebrae divided
presacral
sacral
caudal
what is the sign of skeletal maturity
closed epiphysis
describe the locomotion of fish
lateral undulation
how is the fish tail supported?
caudal vertebrae
