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BIOL2052 - Neuroscience (1) > Synaptic Integration & Plasticity > Flashcards

Synaptic Integration & Plasticity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the modality of a circuit?

A

Connectivity of neurones

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2
Q

What is the intensity of an electrical signal determined by?

A

Patterns of activity / number of action potentials

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3
Q

What perceptual function is linked to the skin stimulus of light touch?

A

Skin movement

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4
Q

Which receptor gives information about skin movement?

A

Hair follicles

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5
Q

What perceptual function is linked to the skin stimulus of dynamic deformation?

A

Slipping objects

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6
Q

Which receptor gives information about slipping objects?

A

Meissner corpuscle

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7
Q

What perceptual function is linked to the skin stimulus of vibration?

A

Contact with objects

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8
Q

Which receptor gives information about contact with objects?

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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9
Q

What perceptual function s linked to the skin stimulus of indentation depth?

A

Fine tactile dicrimination

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10
Q

Which receptor gives information about form and texture (fine tactile discrimination)?

A

Merkel cell/neurite complex

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11
Q

What perceptual function is linked to the skin stimulus of stretch?

A

Direction of object motion and finger position

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12
Q

Which receptor gives information about hand shape and direction of object motion?

A

Ruffini corpuscle

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13
Q

What perceptual function is linked to the skin stimulus of touch?

A

Pleasant contact and social interaction

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14
Q

Which receptor gives information about pleasant contact and social interaction?

A

C-fibre LTM

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15
Q

What perceptual function is linked to the skin sensation of injurious force?

A

Skin injury and pain

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16
Q

Which receptor gives information about skin injury and pain?

A

Nociceptor

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17
Q

What do cochlear implants do?

A

Electrically stimulate the auditory nerve

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18
Q

How is an electrical current generated by ions?

A

Flow of ions between compartments down electrochemical gradient

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19
Q

What is the capacitance of a system?

A

Ability to store an electrical charge

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20
Q

Why does membrane potential increase quickly then slowly when current is applied?

A

Current builds up as capacitance then flows through resistance pathway

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21
Q

Why does membrane potential decrease quickly then slowly when applied current is halted?

A

Built-up capacitance is released via the resistance pathway

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22
Q

Why does the voltage effect of a membrane current take time?

A

Membrane capacitance

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23
Q

When is membrane potential proportional to applied current?

A

Below-threshold potentials

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24
Q

When is membrane potential no longer proportional to applied current?

A

Active electrical action potential propagation

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25
Q

Why doesn’t an action potential diminish over long distances?

A

Action potentials regenerate themselves

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26
Q

What equipment is used when measuring the electrical properties of neurones?

A

Glass pipette, model cell, electrode connected to amplifier (resistor and capacitor)

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27
Q

How do model cells differ from real ones?

A

No active neuronal properties and sit at 0mV

28
Q

V = ?

A

I x R

29
Q

Time constant =

A

Rm x Cm

30
Q

What is the length constant a measurement of?

A

Rate of decay of passive membrane potential changes against distance travelled

31
Q

I = ?

A

V x G

32
Q

What is conductance measured in?

A

G in Siemens

33
Q

What is a voltage clamp used for?

A

Measuring isolated currents within a larger current

34
Q

What is a patch clamp used for?

A

Measure membrane potential using a tight seal between membrane and pipette

35
Q

How does a voltage clamp allow separation of components of membrane current?

A

Negating the capacitative current

36
Q

What are the three neuronal membrane currents?

A

Potassium, sodium and leak

37
Q

Which direction is the spike caused by depolarisation of neuronal membranes?

A

Downwards

38
Q

Which direction is the spike caused by an action potential depolarisation?

A

Upwards

39
Q

What are the glutamate receptors?

A

GABA and NMSA

40
Q

What is the Nernst equation?

A

Ek = (RT/zf) log ([x+]out/[x+]in)

41
Q

Why is the equilibrium potential of a cation channel zero?

A

Equal concentrations of cations in and out of the neurone (between Na and K)

42
Q

What are GABA(A) receptors selective for?

A

Cl-

43
Q

During early development, where is Cl- concentrated?

A

Inside neurones

44
Q

What is achieved by the expression of KCC2 transporters as neurones mature?

A

Lower intracellular Cl- concentration, very negative reversal potential for Cl-

45
Q

What determines the current carried by an ion?

A

Conductance multiplied by driving force for that ion

46
Q

Where in the brain is the cerebral cortex?

A

Grey matter on the outside

47
Q

Which neurones can receive back-propagated action potentials?

A

Cortical neurones

48
Q

When is signal summation linear?

A

When the threshold has not been reached

49
Q

Which neurone properties cause non-linear summation of signals?

A

Active

50
Q

What is the specialisation of interneurones at the axon hillock?

A

To modulate and shut down certain signals

51
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

Successive synaptic inputs that occur before the neurone fully recovers

52
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

Multiple synaptic inputs onto different parts of a neurone

53
Q

How is coincidence detection produced in central synapses?

A

Requirement of summation of many inputs to generate an action potential

54
Q

What are detonator synapses?

A

No summation required, presynaptic input always leads to postsynaptic output

55
Q

Name three examples of detonator synapses

A

Peripheral NMJs, Calyx of Held, Mossy fibre in hippocampus

56
Q

What causes mossy fibre synapses to be converted from sub-detonation into full-detonation mode?

A

Short-term plasticity after high frequency stimulation

57
Q

How is long-term plasticity expressed in mossy fibres?

A

Changes in neurotransmitter release

58
Q

What is often needed for development of synaptic plasticity?

A

Communication between pre- and post-synaptic terminals

59
Q

How do cannabinoids cause synaptic plasticity?

A

Retrograde signalling

60
Q

What makes NMDA receptors voltage-dependent?

A

Mg2+ blockade near resting membrane potential

61
Q

How do NMDA receptors act as coincidence detectors?

A

They only open when there is both glutamate release and post-synaptic depolarisation

62
Q

What is the result of repetitive activation of AMPA and NMDA receptors?

A

More AMPA receptors expressed, synaptic plasticity

63
Q

What often accompanies synaptic plasticity?

A

Structural remodelling and spine growth

64
Q

What receptor mediates synaptic plasticity?

A

NMDA receptors

65
Q

What receptor causes synaptic plasticity?

A

AMPA receptors

BIOL2052 - Neuroscience (1) (9 decks)

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