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BIOL2052 - Neuroscience (1) > Pain > Flashcards

Pain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basal ganglia responsible for?

A

Movement and reward

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2
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Sensory gateway

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3
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

Memory

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4
Q

What is the hypothalamus responsible for?

A

Body function regulation

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5
Q

What is the amygdala responsible for?

A

Emotion

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6
Q

What are first order neurones?

A

Dorsal root ganglion mechanosensory neurones

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7
Q

What does is mean when first order sensory neurones are described as pseudounipolar?

A

They have two axons extending from the cell body and no dendrites

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8
Q

What are the two axons of a mechanosensory neurone called?

A

Peripheral branch, central branch

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9
Q

What is the unconscious somatosensory ascending pathway?

A

Proprioception through the spinocerebellar tract

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10
Q

What is the conscious somatosensory ascending pathway?

A

Nociception and mechanosensation

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11
Q

What is detected by nociception?

A

Pain and temperature

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12
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Neurological mapping of the areas innervated by a spinal nerve

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13
Q

Which layer of the cortex receives thalamic input?

A

Layer IV

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14
Q

Where does the cortex send information?

A

To limbic structures and descending

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15
Q

What is the measurement of pain?

A

Numeric scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain)

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16
Q

What is nociception?

A

The neural process of encoding noxious stimuli

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17
Q

Where can nociceptors be found?

A

All tissue except the brain

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18
Q

What are the three types of noxious stimuli?

A

Mechanical, thermal, chemical

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19
Q

What order are pain projection neurones?

A

Second order

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20
Q

Which receptor detects painful heat?

A

TRP1V

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21
Q

Which receptor-tricking molecule is found in hot food?

A

Capsaicin

22
Q

What are mechanoreceptors?

A

Stretch-sensitive cation channels

23
Q

Which nociceptor is polymodal?

A

Mechano-nociceptor

24
Q

What are C-fibres?

A

Polymodal nociceptors responsible for dull aching pain

25
Q

How is the conscious experience of pain produced?

A

Integration of pain signals from multiple brain structures

26
Q

What are discriminative components?

A

Pathways that target traditional somatosensory areas of the cortex

27
Q

What are affective-motivational components?

A

Components that depend on additional cortical and brainstem pathways

28
Q

Where do 1st order neurones send signals from and to?

A

Stimulus site -> substantia gelatinosa in dorsal horn

29
Q

Where do 2nd order neurones send information from and to?

A

Spinal cord -> thalamus

30
Q

What information is transported through the lateral spinothalamic tract?

A

Temperature and pain

31
Q

What information is transported through the anterior spinothalamic tract?

A

Crude touch and pressure

32
Q

Where do 3rd order neurones send information from and to?

A

Thalamus -> other brain centres

33
Q

Which nociceptive fibres are responsible for fast sharp pain?

A

A delta fibres

34
Q

Which nociceptive fibres are responsible for slow aching pain?

A

C fibres

35
Q

What is the ratio of A delta : C nociceptive fibres?

A

1:9

36
Q

What are lidocaine and novocaine?

A

Local anaesthetics

37
Q

What do anaesthetics do?

A

Directly inhibit Na+ channels, preventing generation of action potentials

38
Q

What are nociceptors bathed in and why?

A

Inflammatory mediators to increase sensitivity and lower depolarisation threshold

39
Q

What do NSAIDs target?

A

Production of prostaglandins by COX

40
Q

What is the first level of nociceptive modulation at the spinal cord?

A

Substantia gelatinosa segmental controls

41
Q

What is the purpose of the substantia gelatinosa?

A

Gating mechanism to modulate incoming signals

42
Q

What are nociceptive signals integrated in context with?

A

Other ongoing stimuli

43
Q

Why does one pain mask another?

A

Diffuse inhibitory controls by nociceptive stimuli

44
Q

What makes up the body’s own analgesic system?

A

Endogenous opioids such as enkephalin

45
Q

What effect is produced by artificial stimulation of the periaqueductal grey matter?

A

Analgesic

46
Q

What are morphine, diamorphine and codeine?

A

Exogenous opioids used to treat pain

47
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Pain perceived at a site other than that of nociception

48
Q

Where do cutaneous and visceral nociceptive afferents converge?

A

On projection neurones

49
Q

What is allodynia?

A

Pain due to a normally non pain-causing stimulus

50
Q

What is neuropathic pain?

A

Pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system

BIOL2052 - Neuroscience (1) (9 decks)

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