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BIOL2052 - Neuroscience (1) > Molecular Neuroscience > Flashcards

Molecular Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the brain considered a non-vital organ?

A

The body can live even if brain-dead

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2
Q

What are promoter studies?

A

Looking at DNA promotor sequences and gene expression

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3
Q

Why is it useful to identify mouse mutants?

A

Changes in DNA can change behaviour

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4
Q

What is studied in cDNAs, PCR and in-situ hybridisation?

A

Cloning genes, gene expression levels around tissues, molecule positioning

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5
Q

What is involved in gene profiling?

A

Microassays, RNAseq, relative expression of genes, regulation by activity

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6
Q

What is studied in antibody staining (Western blotting / immunohistochemistry)?

A

Function generated by protein, regulation of synthesis, oligomerisation

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7
Q

What is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

Glutamate

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8
Q

What is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

GABA

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9
Q

What does glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) do?

A

Turns glutamate into GABA

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10
Q

Where are GAD genes selectively expressed?

A

GABA neurones

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11
Q

What feature of processes remins unchanged?

A

Polarity

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12
Q

What features of processes are very dynamic?

A

Shape and length

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13
Q

What are the cytoskeletal elements of processes?

A

Microtubules, actin filaments and intermediate fibres

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14
Q

What are F-actin filaments composed of?

A

G-actin monomers

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15
Q

What is the microtubule orientation in axons?

A

(-) Cell body, (+) pre-synaptic terminal

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16
Q

What is the microtubule orientation in dendrites?

A

Can face either way

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17
Q

What is kinesin?

A

Motor protein for protein transport

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18
Q

How was kinesin discovered?

A

Reproduced giant squid axon cytoplasm with beads

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19
Q

What is the molecular weight of kinesin?

A

120kD

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20
Q

How does kinesin move proteins?

A

Binds to microtubules and cargo, walks along using ATP activity

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21
Q

What are the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of Na+?

A

Intracellular 10mM, extracellular 142mM

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22
Q

What are the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of K+?

A

Intracellular 140mM, extracellular 4mM

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23
Q

What are the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of Cl-?

A

Intracellular 4mM, extracellular 130mM

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24
Q

What are the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of Ca(2-)?

A

Intracellular 100mM, extracellular 2mM

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25
Q

What does Na/K ATPase do?

A

Pumps 3Na+ out and 2K+ in

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26
Q

What property of neurones allows intercellular communcation?

A

Process polarity

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27
Q

What net movement of ions excites the neuronal membrane?

A

Positive ions in

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28
Q

What net movement of ions inhibits excitation of the neuronal membrane?

A

Negative ions in or positive ions out

29
Q

What is the mechanical linkage of neurones?

A

Gap junction channels forming electrical synapses

30
Q

What are the activation and inactivation thresholds for Na+ channels?

A

Activation 50mV, inactivation 0mV

31
Q

What are the activation and inactivation thresholds for K+ channels?

A

Activation 0mV, inactivation 50mV

32
Q

What is the general structure of a Na+ channel?

A

Homo-tetramer

33
Q

What is the general structure of a K+ channel?

A

Hetero-tetramer

34
Q

What occurs in an electrical synapse transmission?

A

Signal passed directly between cells using Na+ and K+ channels

35
Q

Which synaptic receptors have intrinsic ion channel activity?

A

Selective receptors on post-synaptic membrane

36
Q

What are the two ways to turn a chemical signal off?

A

Diffusion of neurotransmitter, reuptake into pre-synaptic terminal (uptake 1)

37
Q

What causes Ca(2+) to enter the presynaptic nerve terminal?

A

Neurone stimulation

38
Q

What does synaptotagmin do?

A

Recognises Ca(2+) and changes conformation to facilitate SNARE

39
Q

What do SNARE protein do?

A

Promote fusion of synaptic vesicles with the membrane

40
Q

Which ion mediates neurotransmitter release?

A

Ca(2+)

41
Q

What are the two types of SNARE proteins?

A

Vesicle and membrane SNAREs which complex together

42
Q

What does a positive postsynaptic signal cause?

A

Membrane depolarisation, excitation

43
Q

What does a negative postsynaptic signal cause?

A

Membrane hyperpolarisation, inhibition

44
Q

In the brain, where do major excitatory neurones synapse?

A

Dendrite (axo-dendritic synapse)

45
Q

Which neurotransmitter is commonly released into axo-dendritic synapses in the brain?

A

Glutamate

46
Q

In the brain, where do major inhibitory neurones synapse?

A

Cell body (axo-somatic synapse)

47
Q

Which neurotransmitters are commonly released into axo-somatic synapses in the brain?

A

GABA and glycine

48
Q

Which transporter releases the neurotransmitter at glutamatergic synpases?

A

Vesicle glutamate transporter (VGT)

49
Q

Which transporter releases the neurotransmitter at GABA/glycine synapses?

A

Inhibitor amino acid vesicle transporter (IAAT)

50
Q

What is the general structure of the glutamate receptor?

A

Cation channel tetramer

51
Q

What is caused by activation of glutamate receptors?

A

Flux of Na+ and Ca(2+)

52
Q

What is bound by glutamate receptors intracellularly?

A

PSD-95

53
Q

What is the general structure of the glycine receptor?

A

Anion channel pentamer

54
Q

What is caused by the activation of glycine receptors?

A

Flux of Cl-

55
Q

What is bound by glycine receptors intracellularly?

A

Gephyrin

56
Q

Where in the brain are thick specialisation proteins and cytoskeleton found?

A

Post-glutamatergic-synaptic cell

57
Q

Where in the brain are thin specialisation proteins and cytoskeleton found?

A

Post-glycinergic-synaptic cell

58
Q

What is the role of multi-domain molecules in molecule organisation?

A

Assist with segregation

59
Q

What is the role of neurexins?

A

Presynaptic tagging

60
Q

What is the role of neuroligin 1?

A

Glutamatergic postsynaptic tagging

61
Q

What is the role of neuroligin 2?

A

Glycinergic postsynaptic tagging

62
Q

What are the drug targets for glutamate receptors?

A

Activators act against cognitive decline, inhibitors act against over-excitation

63
Q

What does PSD-95 do?

A

Organise excitation of neurones in the brain

64
Q

What is hyperekplexia?

A

Increased startle response

65
Q

What causes hyperekplexia?

A

Mutation reducing function of glycine receptors

66
Q

What does gephyrin do?

A

Organise inhibition of neurones in the brain

67
Q

What causes stiffness syndrome?

A

Auto-antibodies against gephyrin

68
Q

What can be used to treat stiffness syndrome?

A

Intravenous introduction of IgG

69
Q

How are neurexins and neuroligins linked to autism?

A

Mutations affect synapse development

BIOL2052 - Neuroscience (1) (9 decks)

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