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BIOL2052 - Neuroscience (1) > Neuronal Development > Flashcards

Neuronal Development Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of synapses are eliminated after development?

A

~50%

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2
Q

If the human brain were a computer, what would its storage capacity be?

A

1000TB

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3
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

Neurones are born

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4
Q

What is migration?

A

Neurones find their place and build

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5
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Determination of cell fate

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6
Q

What is target innervation?

A

Address selection

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7
Q

What is synapse formation?

A

Creation of connections

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8
Q

What occurs first in neuronal development?

A

Gastrulation

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9
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Embryo transforms into a single layer of epithelial cells

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10
Q

Where and when do the primitive streak and notochord form?

A

At the midline during gastrulation

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11
Q

What are the three primitive cell layers that develop during gastrulation?

A

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

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12
Q

How does the neural plate come about?

A

Ectoderm thickens after gastrulation

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13
Q

Which epithelium gives rise to the entire nervous system?

A

Neural plate

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14
Q

How is the neural groove invagination formed?

A

Uneven rates of cell division at the neural plate

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15
Q

How is the neural tube formed?

A

Neural groove joins together

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16
Q

hen do neural crest cells develop?

A

As the neural tube is formed

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17
Q

What does the neural tube eventually become?

A

Fluid-filled cerebral ventricles of the brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

Where does the roofplate form?

A

Where the neural tube closes

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19
Q

Where does the floorplate form?

A

Above the notochord

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20
Q

Which are the three transient structures during neural development?

A

Roofplate, floorplate, notochord

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21
Q

When do the brain subdivisions become discernible?

A

After the neural tube and crest have developed

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22
Q

What are the three brain subdivisions?

A

Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

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23
Q

What is the proencephalon?

A

Forebrain

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24
Q

What is the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain

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25
Q

What is the rhombencephalon?

A

Hindbrain

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26
Q

What do neural stem cells in the neural tube replicate into by mitosis?

A

More stem cells or neuroblasts

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27
Q

What are neuroblasts the precursor of?

A

Neurones

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27
Q

What are neuroblasts the precursor of?

A

Neurones

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28
Q

What are neuroblasts the precursor of?

A

Neurones

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29
Q

When do the ventricular and marginal zones form?

A

During neurogenesis

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30
Q

How do neurones find their destination during migration?

A

Move along surface of radial glia acting as guidelines

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31
Q

What occurs once neurones have migrated?

A

Differentiation to form different cell populations

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32
Q

Which end is the brain formed at?

A

Anterior

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33
Q

What forms the spinal cord?

A

Neural tube near somites

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34
Q

What forms the major components of the PNS?

A

Neural crest separating from the neural tube

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35
Q

What becomes CSF ventricles?

A

Lumen of neural tube

36
Q

What in the brain distinguishes humans from other animals?

A

Size of cortex / frontal lobe

37
Q

What do morphogens do?

A

Instruct a high degree of patterning in the neural tube

38
Q

What patterning occurs along the length of the neural tube?

A

Anterior/posterior (rostral/caudal)

39
Q

What patterning occurs in the cross-section of the neural tube?

A

Dorsal/ventral

40
Q

What determines the ultimate fate of a neurone?

A

Where and when it was produced

41
Q

What is an example of morphogen gradients driving differentiation?

A

FGF/BMPs influencing transcription factors for anterior/posterior differentiation

42
Q

What are Hox genes?

A

Family of TFs that establish segmentation along the anterior/posterior axis

43
Q

What is synophthalmia?

A

Cyclopia - Development of one large eye

44
Q

How do cyclops cows come about?

A

Mother eats a certain plant, Sonic hedgehog inhibition leads to loss of ventral identity

45
Q

What are the neural precursor cells in the neural tube?

A

Neuroepithelium / neuroepithelial progenitor cells

46
Q

What do radial glia connect in the developing cortex?

A

Ventricular and pial surfaces

47
Q

What is the innermost layer of the neural tube?

A

Ventricular zone

48
Q

How are transit amplifying cells generated?

A

Asymmetrical division of cells in the ventricular zone

49
Q

What is the outermost layer of the neural tube?

A

Pial surface

50
Q

What forms the marginal zone of the cortex?

A

Neuroblasts migrating to the pial surface

51
Q

In which direction is the cortex built?

A

Inside out, with newer neuroblasts migrating past their older cousins

52
Q

How can the columnar organisation of the cortex be used to reveal the birthdate of a neurone?

A

Correlates to location like a tree ring

53
Q

Which type of cortical neural cell has a different origin to others?

A

Interneurones

54
Q

Where are cortical interneurones born?

A

Ganglionic eminences

55
Q

Where do glial cells originate?

A

Neuroepithelium

56
Q

What can glioblasts become?

A

Ependymal cells, astrocytes or oligodendrocytes

57
Q

How does a glioblast differentiate into an ependymal cell?

A

Remains attached to the lumen

58
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

Production of CSF

59
Q

How does a glioblast differentiate into an astrocyte or oligodendrocyte?

A

Moves to marginal layer

60
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

Maintenance and repair

61
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Myelination

62
Q

What are the two steps of target innervation?

A

Polarisation and fasciculation

63
Q

What occurs in the polarisation stage of target innervation?

A

Cell body establishes axons and dendrites

64
Q

Which part of the neurone moves during polarisation (target innervation)?

A

The growing axon - Cell body stays put

65
Q

How do growing processes navigate between stepping stones during polarisation (target innervation)?

A

Using cues and signals

66
Q

What occurs in the fasciculation stage of target innervation?

A

Axons piggy-back along existing neurones

67
Q

How do pioneering axons navigate during fasciculation (target innervation)?

A

Piggy-back along other tissue types

68
Q

What is the growth cone?

A

Tip of axon that recognises guidance signals and cues in target innervation

69
Q

What are the properties of non-diffusible guidance signals?

A

Short-range, substrate-derived, present in ECM or target cells

70
Q

What are the properties of diffusible guidance signals?

A

Long-range, act as gradients

71
Q

What are cadherins and ephrins examples of?

A

Non-diffusible guidance signals for target innervation

72
Q

What are netrin and semaphorins examples of?

A

Diffusible guidance signals for target innervation

73
Q

What is the structure of a growth cone?

A

Hand-like with surface receptors

74
Q

What are the types of growth cone?

A

Filopodia and lamellipodia

75
Q

What does the commissural interneurone determine?

A

Left-right coordination

76
Q

What is the first attraction experienced by the commissural interneurone during development?

A

Long-range attraction to the floorplate

77
Q

What happens after the commissural interneurone reaches the floorplate?

A

Growth cone switches sensitivity from attractive to repulsive to leave the area so it crosses the midline once

78
Q

Why don’t motor neurones cross the midline?

A

Midline always repulsive, they don’t need to cross

79
Q

How does the growth cone move towards or away from guidance cues?

A

Actin cytoskeletal changes

80
Q

Once the direction of an axon is determined, how is it laid down in the desired location?

A

Microtubular cytoskeletal changes

81
Q

What do adhesion molecules do?

A

Stabilise formed connections between neurones

82
Q

What do presynaptic neurexins do?

A

Organise the synaptic vesicle docking zone

83
Q

What do postsynaptic neuroligins do?

A

Recruit postsynaptic receptors

84
Q

How is the final pattern of neural contacts determined?

A

Neurotrophins and electrical activity

85
Q

Why are synapses and cells made in excess and then abandoned as needed?

A

To ensure robust, functionally required circuits

86
Q

What happens when a limb is removed from a foetus?

A

Reduced motor and sensory neurones in the spinal cord

87
Q

What happens when a limb is grafted onto a foetus?

A

Increased motor pool where the extra limb is grafted

88
Q

How does the target regulate neurone circuits?

A

Continued release of trophic factors, and activity

BIOL2052 - Neuroscience (1) (9 decks)

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