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BIOL2052 - Neuroscience (1) > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia

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2
Q

What is in the central nervous system?

A

Brain, spinal cord

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3
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Collect electrical signals and carry input to neurone cell body

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4
Q

What does the soma of a neurone do?

A

Integrate signals and generate an action potential

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5
Q

What does an axon do?

A

Transmit signal over long distances

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6
Q

What type of nervous system do hydras and jellyfish have?

A

Nerve nets

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7
Q

What is a nerve net?

A

Individual nerve cells scattered in layers, contacting each other

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8
Q

What are the properties of nerve nets?

A

Two-way signals, allow for reflexes, carry sensory information

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9
Q

What type of nervous system does a starfish have?

A

Central nerve ring and radial nerves with nerve nets

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10
Q

What is cephalisation?

A

Emergence of primitive brains by neurones clustering into ganglia at the head end

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11
Q

What does bilateral symmetry allow an invertebrate to have?

A

Central nervous system with ganglia and two nerve cords

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12
Q

What type of nervous system do flatworms have?

A

Nerve cords

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13
Q

What invertebrates have a CNS and PNS?

A

Cephalopods (squids, octopi)

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14
Q

What is unusual about cephalopod neurones?

A

Large unmyelinated axons

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15
Q

What structures are contained in the forebrain?

A

Cerebrum, optic structures, olfactory lobe

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16
Q

What is the brainstem made up of?

A

Pons, medulla, cerebellum

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17
Q

What are sulci?

A

Infoldings between gyri on the brain surface

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18
Q

What is the prosencephalon?

A

Forebrain

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19
Q

What is the telencephalon?

A

Cerebrum

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20
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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21
Q

Where are the telencephalon and diencephalon located?

A

Prosencephalon

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22
Q

What is the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain

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23
Q

What is the rhombencephalon?

A

Hindbrain

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24
Q

What is the myelencephalon?

A

Medulla

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25
Q

What is the metencephalon?

A

Pons and cerebellum

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26
Q

Where are the myelencephalon and metencephalon located?

A

Rhombencephalon

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27
Q

What are the functional areas of cerebrum?

A

Motor, sensory, vision, auditory

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28
Q

Which lobes are located in the cerebrum?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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29
Q

What is in the frontal lobe?

A

Primary motor and premotor regions

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30
Q

What is in the parietal lobe?

A

Primary somatosensory and somatosensory association areas

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31
Q

What is in the occipital lobe?

A

Primary visual and visual association areas

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32
Q

What is in the temporal lobe?

A

Primary auditory and auditory association areas

33
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Neuronal cell bodies

34
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated axons connecting areas of grey matter

35
Q

Which plane cuts front/back of the brain?

A

Coronal

36
Q

Which plane cuts left/right of the brain?

A

Sagittal

37
Q

Which plane cuts top/bottom of the brain?

A

Horizontal / axial

38
Q

Which direction is superior?

A

Top of body

39
Q

Which direction is inferior?

A

Bottom of body

40
Q

Which direction is anterior?

A

Front of body

41
Q

Which direction is posterior?

A

Back of body

42
Q

Which direction is rostral?

A

Front of head

43
Q

Which direction is caudal?

A

End of tail

44
Q

Which direction is dorsal?

A

Towards the spine

45
Q

Which direction is ventral?

A

Towards the organs

46
Q

What are the three layers of meninges?

A

Dura, arachnoid, pia

47
Q

Which meninge layer is strongest and in contact with bone?

A

Dura

48
Q

Which meninge layer is close to dura and web-like in appearance?

A

Arachnoid

49
Q

Which meninge layer is the deepest, in contact with CNS tissue?

A

Pia

50
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid found?

A

Subarachnoid space, between arachnoid and pia

51
Q

What does the choroid plexus produce?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

52
Q

Where does afferent input into the neocortex come from?

A

Ascending information from forebrain, between hemispheres, ipsilateral cortex

53
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Largest bundle of white matter travelling between hemispheres

54
Q

Which cells transmit the excitatory neocortex output?

A

Pyramidal cells

55
Q

What does the brainstem do?

A

Connect spinal cord to cerebrum and cerebellum

56
Q

Where are the majority of cranial nerve nuclei found?

A

Brainstem

57
Q

Which reflex centres are found in the brainstem?

A

Respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, consciousness

58
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Refining movement, upright posture, muscle tone, balance

59
Q

How does the cerebellum modify movement?

A

Comparing sensory and pre-motor information

60
Q

Where does cerebellar input come from?

A

Spinal cord, cerebellar cortex, vestibular system, neocortex motor systems

61
Q

Where does cerebellar output go?

A

Vestibular systems, brainstem, muscle spindles, motor and pre-motor cortices

62
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

63
Q

What are the different subdivisions of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

64
Q

What are the cervical nerves?

A

C1 - C8

65
Q

What are the thoracic nerves?

A

T1 - T12

66
Q

What are the lumbar nerves?

A

L1 - L5

67
Q

What are the sacral nerves?

A

S1 - S5

68
Q

What are the coccygeal nerves?

A

Co

69
Q

Which spinal neurones contain a dorsal root?

A

Afferent - sensory

70
Q

Which spinal neurones contain a ventral root?

A

Efferent - motor

71
Q

What are the features of reflexes?

A

No cortical thought, rapid, automatic, involuntary

72
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

Receptor, sensory neurone, integration centre, motor neurone, effector

73
Q

What are polysynaptic reflexes?

A

Multiple synapses, more than one muscle group controlled

74
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

A

Maintenance of homeostasis

75
Q

What is innervated by the autonomic nervous system?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

76
Q

What is the parasympathetic system?

A

Craniosacral, fight/flight

77
Q

What is the sympathetic system?

A

Thoracolumbar, rest/digest

78
Q

What does the enteric system control?

A

Gastrointestinal function

BIOL2052 - Neuroscience (1) (9 decks)

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