Neuroanatomy Flashcards
What is in the peripheral nervous system?
Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia
What is in the central nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord
What do dendrites do?
Collect electrical signals and carry input to neurone cell body
What does the soma of a neurone do?
Integrate signals and generate an action potential
What does an axon do?
Transmit signal over long distances
What type of nervous system do hydras and jellyfish have?
Nerve nets
What is a nerve net?
Individual nerve cells scattered in layers, contacting each other
What are the properties of nerve nets?
Two-way signals, allow for reflexes, carry sensory information
What type of nervous system does a starfish have?
Central nerve ring and radial nerves with nerve nets
What is cephalisation?
Emergence of primitive brains by neurones clustering into ganglia at the head end
What does bilateral symmetry allow an invertebrate to have?
Central nervous system with ganglia and two nerve cords
What type of nervous system do flatworms have?
Nerve cords
What invertebrates have a CNS and PNS?
Cephalopods (squids, octopi)
What is unusual about cephalopod neurones?
Large unmyelinated axons
What structures are contained in the forebrain?
Cerebrum, optic structures, olfactory lobe
What is the brainstem made up of?
Pons, medulla, cerebellum
What are sulci?
Infoldings between gyri on the brain surface
What is the prosencephalon?
Forebrain
What is the telencephalon?
Cerebrum
What is the diencephalon?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
Where are the telencephalon and diencephalon located?
Prosencephalon
What is the mesencephalon?
Midbrain
What is the rhombencephalon?
Hindbrain
What is the myelencephalon?
Medulla
What is the metencephalon?
Pons and cerebellum
Where are the myelencephalon and metencephalon located?
Rhombencephalon
What are the functional areas of cerebrum?
Motor, sensory, vision, auditory
Which lobes are located in the cerebrum?
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
What is in the frontal lobe?
Primary motor and premotor regions
What is in the parietal lobe?
Primary somatosensory and somatosensory association areas
What is in the occipital lobe?
Primary visual and visual association areas
What is in the temporal lobe?
Primary auditory and auditory association areas
What is grey matter?
Neuronal cell bodies
What is white matter?
Myelinated axons connecting areas of grey matter
Which plane cuts front/back of the brain?
Coronal
Which plane cuts left/right of the brain?
Sagittal
Which plane cuts top/bottom of the brain?
Horizontal / axial
Which direction is superior?
Top of body
Which direction is inferior?
Bottom of body
Which direction is anterior?
Front of body
Which direction is posterior?
Back of body
Which direction is rostral?
Front of head
Which direction is caudal?
End of tail
Which direction is dorsal?
Towards the spine
Which direction is ventral?
Towards the organs
What are the three layers of meninges?
Dura, arachnoid, pia
Which meninge layer is strongest and in contact with bone?
Dura
Which meninge layer is close to dura and web-like in appearance?
Arachnoid
Which meninge layer is the deepest, in contact with CNS tissue?
Pia
Where is cerebrospinal fluid found?
Subarachnoid space, between arachnoid and pia
What does the choroid plexus produce?
Cerebrospinal fluid
Where does afferent input into the neocortex come from?
Ascending information from forebrain, between hemispheres, ipsilateral cortex
What is the corpus callosum?
Largest bundle of white matter travelling between hemispheres
Which cells transmit the excitatory neocortex output?
Pyramidal cells
What does the brainstem do?
Connect spinal cord to cerebrum and cerebellum
Where are the majority of cranial nerve nuclei found?
Brainstem
Which reflex centres are found in the brainstem?
Respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, consciousness
What is the cerebellum responsible for?
Refining movement, upright posture, muscle tone, balance
How does the cerebellum modify movement?
Comparing sensory and pre-motor information
Where does cerebellar input come from?
Spinal cord, cerebellar cortex, vestibular system, neocortex motor systems
Where does cerebellar output go?
Vestibular systems, brainstem, muscle spindles, motor and pre-motor cortices
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
What are the different subdivisions of the spinal cord?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
What are the cervical nerves?
C1 - C8
What are the thoracic nerves?
T1 - T12
What are the lumbar nerves?
L1 - L5
What are the sacral nerves?
S1 - S5
What are the coccygeal nerves?
Co
Which spinal neurones contain a dorsal root?
Afferent - sensory
Which spinal neurones contain a ventral root?
Efferent - motor
What are the features of reflexes?
No cortical thought, rapid, automatic, involuntary
What is the reflex arc?
Receptor, sensory neurone, integration centre, motor neurone, effector
What are polysynaptic reflexes?
Multiple synapses, more than one muscle group controlled
What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?
Maintenance of homeostasis
What is innervated by the autonomic nervous system?
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
What is the parasympathetic system?
Craniosacral, fight/flight
What is the sympathetic system?
Thoracolumbar, rest/digest
What does the enteric system control?
Gastrointestinal function
