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BIOL2052 - Neuroscience (1) > Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Sensory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sensory systems?

A

Hearing, touch, vision, taste, smell, balance, thermoreception, nociception, proprioception

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2
Q

What types of energy can stimulate sensory systems?

A

Mechanical, chemical, light

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3
Q

What encodes the strength of a sensory stimulus?

A

Amplitude of generator potential and frequency of action potentials

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4
Q

What are the two ways a signal can be transmitted in response to a sensory stimulus?

A

Sensory neurones and epithelial receptors

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5
Q

What are the four extero-mechanoreceptors?

A

Merkel’s disc, Meissner’s corpuscle, Ruffini’s end organ, Pacinian corpuscle

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6
Q

Which extero-mechanoreceptors are deep?

A

Ruffini’s and Pacinian

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7
Q

Which extero-mechanoreceptors are superficial?

A

Merkel’s and Meissner’s

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8
Q

What are the three classes of special exteroreceptors?

A

Photoreceptors (rods and cones), mechanoreceptors (hair cells) and chemoreceptors (gustatory and olfactory)

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9
Q

What are the three classes of general exteroreceptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors

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10
Q

What are the general proprioceptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors: Golgi tendon organ, muscle spindle, joint capsule

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11
Q

What are the special proprioceptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors: Hair cells in otolith organs and semicircular canals

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12
Q

What are the ineroreceptors?

A

Baroceptors (mechanoreceptors), glucoreceptors and osmoreceptors (chemoreceptors)

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13
Q

What are the properties of tonic reception?

A

Slowly adapting, repeated membrane potential spikes throughout stimulus duration

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14
Q

What are the properties of phasic reception?

A

Rapidly adapting, membrane potential responses at the start and end of stimulus duration only

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15
Q

What determines the location of a shingles rash?

A

Which sensory nerve is infected by the virus

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16
Q

What is a receptive field?

A

Area of skin surface over which stimulation results in a change of action potentials

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17
Q

What effect does a high density of receptors have on the receptive field?

A

Smaller receptive fields of individual afferent fibres

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18
Q

What is 2-point discrimination a measure of?

A

Spatial acuity

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19
Q

Where on the body is the highest spatial acuity?

A

Fingertips

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20
Q

How do receptive fields and spatial acuity link?

A

Small receptive field -> high spatial acuity (and vice versa)

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21
Q

What is the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system?

A

Neurones transducing from the body to the somatosensory cortex

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22
Q

What is the trigeminothalamic system?

A

Neurones transducing from the face to the somatosensory cortex via the thalamus

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23
Q

What are the properties of the Pacinian corpuscle?

A

Sub-cutaneous, very large receptive field, very low spatial acuity, low density

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24
Q

What are the properties of Ruffini’s corpuscle?

A

Dermal, large receptive field, low spatial acuity, very low density

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25
Q

What are the properties of Merkel’s disc?

A

Dermal/epidermal, very small receptive field, very high spatial acuity, very high density

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26
Q

What are the properties of Meissner’s corpuscle?

A

Epidermal, small receptive field, high spatial acuity, high density

27
Q

What generates sound?

A

Movement of air molecules

28
Q

What is the hearing range of humans?

A

20 - 20,000 Hz

29
Q

How are signals amplified in the middle ear?

A

Force of large tympanic membrane focused onto small oval window

30
Q

What is the basilar membrane?

A

Tapered structure that undulates up and down according to frequency

31
Q

What are hair cells bathed in?

A

High [K+] endolymph

32
Q

What type of input do outer hair cells receive?

A

Efferent

33
Q

What type of input do inner hair cells receive?

A

Afferent

34
Q

What is the kinocilium?

A

The longest stereocilium of a hair cell

35
Q

What do stereocilia contain?

A

Actin filaments and microtubules

36
Q

What are tip links?

A

Connections of mechanically gated ion channels on stereocilia

37
Q

How do de- and hyperpolarisation of hair cells differ to neurones?

A

Both are K+-dependent

38
Q

What is the graded response of stereocilia movement?

A

Generator potential

39
Q

What is the tonotopic organisation of the basilar membrane an example of?

A

Labelled line coding

40
Q

What do outer hair cells do?

A

Amplify motion of basilar membrane and enhance responsiveness of inner hair cells by electromotility

41
Q

What do cochlear amplifiers do?

A

Enhance amplitude and sharpness of sounds

42
Q

What are the steps of auditory signal amplification?

A

Acoustic energy -> basilar membrane displacement -> modulation of current thorough OHCs and AP generation by IHCs -> mechanical transduction of OHCs -> acoustic energy

43
Q

Where does information from each ear enter the auditory system?

A

Superior olive in mid-pons

44
Q

What is described by the Jeffress model?

A

Sound localisation in the horizontal plane

45
Q

What is theorised in the Jeffress model?

A

Neural circuits can encode short inter-aural time differences by acting as coincidence detectors for two or more signals

46
Q

Where does sound localisation in the horizontal plane take place?

A

Medial superior olive

47
Q

What is detected by proprioception?

A

Limb position

48
Q

What is detected by the vestibular system?

A

Head position, self-motion and spatial awareness

49
Q

What type of movement is detected by otolith organs?

A

Translational

50
Q

What type of movement is detected by semi-circular canals?

A

Rotational

51
Q

What are the otolith organs?

A

Utricle and saccule

52
Q

Where in semi-circular canals are hair cells located?

A

Ampullae

53
Q

Which movement plane is sensed by utricles?

A

Horizontal

54
Q

Which movement plan is sensed by saccules?

A

Vertical

55
Q

What is the macula?

A

Sensory epithelium of utricles and saccules

56
Q

What is the otolithic membrane?

A

Gel layer with calcium carbonate crystals (otoconia)

57
Q

Where is the reticular membrane?

A

Between hair cells and otolithic membrane

58
Q

What is the striola?

A

Axis of symmetry for head position sensing, to which stereocilia are orientated towards

59
Q

How many semi-circular canals are in each ear?

A

Three

60
Q

How does transduction occur in vestibular hair cells?

A

Open K+ channels depolarise cells, triggering glutamate release

61
Q

Where are vestibular signals integrated?

A

Brainstem

62
Q

What does the vestibular-ocular reflex control?

A

Stabilising movement of eyes when the head moves

63
Q

What is oscillopsia?

A

Damage to vestibular system causing bouncing vision

BIOL2052 - Neuroscience (1) (9 decks)

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