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NYCC Neuro 1 > Synapse & Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Synapse & Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of synaptic transmission

A

electric
chemical

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2
Q

what is electric synaptic transmission?

A

direct ionic transfer through gap junctions

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3
Q

what is chemical synaptic transmission?

A

neurotransmitter release into synaptic cleft; NT receptors gate ion channels directly or indirectly

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4
Q

what is charcot-marie-tooth disease?

A
  • AKA hereditary motor & sensory neuropathy or peroneal muscular atrophy
  • group of disorders that affect peripheral nerves (peripheral neuropathy)
  • mutations prevent sheaths from forming gap junctions essential for metabolic transfer
  • myelin twists around axon and prevents dissipation of electrical signals
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5
Q

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential

EPSP

A

product of an individual excitatory synapse

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6
Q

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential

IPSP

A

product of an individual inhibitory synapse

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7
Q

synaptic potential

A

graded sum of excitatory (EPSP) & inhibitory (IPSP) inputs on the postsynaptic membrane

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8
Q

temporal summation

A

consecutive synaptic potentials at the same site are added together in the postsynaptic cell

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9
Q

spatial summation

A

inputs of many presynaptic neurons acting at different sites on the postsynaptic neuron are added together

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10
Q

where is the output zone located?

A

presynaptic membrane

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11
Q

where does the AP occur?

A

everywhere but input zone

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12
Q

the presynaptic membrane contains ____

A

synaptic vessicles that store & release NT

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13
Q

synaptic vesicles fuse with the inner surface of the presynaptic membrane at sites called ____

A

active zones

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14
Q

release of NT depends on…

A

calcium influx

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15
Q

release of NT occurs by ____

A

exocytosis

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16
Q

when an AP reaches the terminal portion of the neuronal membrane, depolarization causes ____

A

Ca++ channels to open

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17
Q

influx of Ca into presynaptic membrane causes…

A

synaptic vesicles to dock onto the active zones and release NT into synaptic cleft

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18
Q

NT release is followed by….

A

endocytosis and restoration of vesicles (retrograde axoplasmic transport)

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19
Q

retrograde axoplasmic transport

A

restoration of presynaptic vesicles
- empty/unused vesicles sent back to cell body

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20
Q

what makes NT excitatory?

A

if their receptors gate positive ions into the intracellular fluid

membrane becomes more positive -> causes AP

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21
Q

what makes NT inhibitory?

A

if their receptors gate negative ions in the intracellular fluid

eg. K+ and Cl- = inhibitory
membrane more negative -> prevent AP

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22
Q

neuromodulator NTs

A
  • utilizing metebotrophic receptors
  • have an excitatory or inhibitory influence on the post synaptic cell
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23
Q

each neuron uses specific ____ and has specific ____ in its membrane

A

neurotransmittors
NT receptors

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24
Q

ligand-gated Cl- channels are an ____ synapse

A

inhibitory

Cl- enters the cell making membrane more negative -> inhibit AP

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25
ligand-gated Na+ channels are an ____ synapse
excitatory | Na+ enters cell= membrane more positive -> AP
26
ligand-gated K+ channels are an ____ synapse
inhibitory | K+ leaves cell = membrane more negative-> inhibit AP
27
metabotropic receptors in the presynaptic membrane function
inhibiting further NT release or stimulating NT synthesis
28
Unused NT fates
- reuptaken by presynaptic membrane (endocytosis) - reloaded in vesicles by glia - destroyed in cleft (acetyl cholinesterase - destroys Ach)
29
Acetylcholine (Ach)/Cholinergic receptors
- nicotinic - muscarinic
30
Acetylcholine/cholinergic receptor locations CNS
basal forebrain nuclei: - nucleus basalis of Meynert - Diagonal band of Broca - Medial septal nucleus pedunculopontine & lateral tegmental nuclei
31
Amino Acid derivatives
- tyrosine derivatives (catecholamines) - tryptophan derivatives - histidine derivatives
32
Acetylcholine/cholinergic receptor locations PNS
- neuromuscular junction - autonomic ganglia - postganglionic parasympathetic target tissues - postganglionic sympathetic peripheral blood vessels - sweat glands - arrector pili muscles
33
tyrosine derivatives
- dopamine (DA)/dopaminergic receptors - norepinephrine (NE)/Epinephrine noradrenergic/adrenergic receptors
34
dopamine/dopaminergic receptor locations CNS
- substantia nigra parscompacta - ventral tegmental area
35
norepinephrine/epinephrine noradrenergic/adrenergic receptor locations CNS
locus caeruleus and lateral tegmental area of pons & medulla
36
norepinephrine/epinephrine noradrenergic/adrenergic receptor locations PNS
postganglionic sympathetic target tissues
37
# neurotransmitters tryptophan derivatives
serotonin (5HT)/Serotoninergic receptors
38
Serotonin/serotoninergic receptor locations CNS
raphe nuclei in midbrain, pons & medulla
39
# neurotransmitters histidine derivatives
histamine
40
histamine location CNS
tuberomammillary nucleus of hypothalamus
41
amino acid derivatives can be....
excitatory or inhibitory based on receptor
42
neurotransmitters are all ____
biogenic amines
43
NT categories
- amino acid derivatives - amino acids - neuroactive peptides
44
# neurotransmitters amino acids
- glutamate (Glu) - glycine (Gly) - y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) - orexin (hypocretin) - adenosine
45
Glutamate (Glu)
CNS excitation
46
Glycine (Gly)
spinal cord inhibitory neurons
47
y-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
CNS inhibition
48
Orexin (hypocretin)
promotes awake state (& hunger)
49
adenosine
promotes sleepiness, inhibited by caffeine
50
# define neuroactive petides
neuromodulators found in the entire CNS but also in other functional systems such as the endocrine, digestive, immune, etc.
51
# name neuroactive peptides
- opioids (endogenous) - hypothalamic hormones - neurohypophysial hormones - tachykinins* - secretins* - insulins* - somatostatins* - gastrins* | *digestive & NS
52
the postsynaptic membrane is the ____ of a neuron after a synapse
input zone
53
the postsynaptic membrane contains NT receptors in sites called ____
postsynaptic densities
54
postsynaptic membrane transmits a ____
synaptic potential
55
synaptic potential is initiated by ____
neurotransmitters (ligand-gated channels)
56
NT receptor gating
- transmitter (ligant) gated ion channels (ionotropic) - second messenger coupled receptors (metabotrophic/tyrosine kinases)
57
how do transmitter (ligant) gated ion channels (ionotropic) work?
NT binds to receptor and causes ion channel to open directly
58
how do second messenger coupled receptors (metabotropic/tyrosine kinase) work?
NT binds to receptor activating a second messenger cascade which opens, closes, or modulates ion channels
59
nictotinic receptors - agonist
nicotine
60
nicotinic receptors - antagonist
curare
61
muscarinic receptors - agonist
muscarine
62
muscarinic receptors - antagonist
atropine
63
muscarine effect on muscarinic receptors
agonist (lowers HR)
64
atropine effect on muscarinic receptors
antagonist (^HR)
65
glutamate receptor types
- AMPA/kainate (non NMDA) receptors - NMDA receptors
66
AMPA/kainate receptors - agonist
AMPA/kainate
67
AMPA/kainate receptors - antagonist
CNQX
68
# NMDA receptors agonist
NMDA
69
# NMDA receptors antagonist
APV
70
NMDA receptors allow ____ which is implicated with....
influx of Ca++ implicated with cell death resulting from haemorrhagic stroke, epilepsy, & huntington's chorea (excitotoxicity)
71
NMDA receptors have sites for...
Gly, Mg++, Zn++, PCP | block NMDA receptors, acting as a gate

NYCC Neuro 1 (20 decks)

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