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NYCC Neuro 1 > Synapse & Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Synapse & Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of synaptic transmission

A

electric
chemical

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2
Q

what is electric synaptic transmission?

A

direct ionic transfer through gap junctions

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3
Q

what is chemical synaptic transmission?

A

neurotransmitter release into synaptic cleft; NT receptors gate ion channels directly or indirectly

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4
Q

what is charcot-marie-tooth disease?

A
  • AKA hereditary motor & sensory neuropathy or peroneal muscular atrophy
  • group of disorders that affect peripheral nerves (peripheral neuropathy)
  • mutations prevent sheaths from forming gap junctions essential for metabolic transfer
  • myelin twists around axon and prevents dissipation of electrical signals
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5
Q

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential

EPSP

A

product of an individual excitatory synapse

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6
Q

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential

IPSP

A

product of an individual inhibitory synapse

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7
Q

synaptic potential

A

graded sum of excitatory (EPSP) & inhibitory (IPSP) inputs on the postsynaptic membrane

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8
Q

temporal summation

A

consecutive synaptic potentials at the same site are added together in the postsynaptic cell

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9
Q

spatial summation

A

inputs of many presynaptic neurons acting at different sites on the postsynaptic neuron are added together

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10
Q

where is the output zone located?

A

presynaptic membrane

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11
Q

where does the AP occur?

A

everywhere but input zone

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12
Q

the presynaptic membrane contains ____

A

synaptic vessicles that store & release NT

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13
Q

synaptic vesicles fuse with the inner surface of the presynaptic membrane at sites called ____

A

active zones

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14
Q

release of NT depends on…

A

calcium influx

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15
Q

release of NT occurs by ____

A

exocytosis

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16
Q

when an AP reaches the terminal portion of the neuronal membrane, depolarization causes ____

A

Ca++ channels to open

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17
Q

influx of Ca into presynaptic membrane causes…

A

synaptic vesicles to dock onto the active zones and release NT into synaptic cleft

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18
Q

NT release is followed by….

A

endocytosis and restoration of vesicles (retrograde axoplasmic transport)

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19
Q

retrograde axoplasmic transport

A

restoration of presynaptic vesicles
- empty/unused vesicles sent back to cell body

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20
Q

what makes NT excitatory?

A

if their receptors gate positive ions into the intracellular fluid

membrane becomes more positive -> causes AP

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21
Q

what makes NT inhibitory?

A

if their receptors gate negative ions in the intracellular fluid

eg. K+ and Cl- = inhibitory
membrane more negative -> prevent AP

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22
Q

neuromodulator NTs

A
  • utilizing metebotrophic receptors
  • have an excitatory or inhibitory influence on the post synaptic cell
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23
Q

each neuron uses specific ____ and has specific ____ in its membrane

A

neurotransmittors
NT receptors

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24
Q

ligand-gated Cl- channels are an ____ synapse

A

inhibitory

Cl- enters the cell making membrane more negative -> inhibit AP

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25
Q

ligand-gated Na+ channels are an ____ synapse

A

excitatory

Na+ enters cell= membrane more positive -> AP

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26
Q

ligand-gated K+ channels are an ____ synapse

A

inhibitory

K+ leaves cell = membrane more negative-> inhibit AP

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27
Q

metabotropic receptors in the presynaptic membrane function

A

inhibiting further NT release or stimulating NT synthesis

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28
Q

Unused NT fates

A
  • reuptaken by presynaptic membrane (endocytosis)
  • reloaded in vesicles by glia
  • destroyed in cleft (acetyl cholinesterase - destroys Ach)
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29
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach)/Cholinergic receptors

A
  • nicotinic
  • muscarinic
30
Q

Acetylcholine/cholinergic receptor locations CNS

A

basal forebrain nuclei:
- nucleus basalis of Meynert
- Diagonal band of Broca
- Medial septal nucleus

pedunculopontine & lateral tegmental nuclei

31
Q

Amino Acid derivatives

A
  • tyrosine derivatives (catecholamines)
  • tryptophan derivatives
  • histidine derivatives
32
Q

Acetylcholine/cholinergic receptor locations PNS

A
  • neuromuscular junction
  • autonomic ganglia
  • postganglionic parasympathetic target tissues
  • postganglionic sympathetic peripheral blood vessels
  • sweat glands
  • arrector pili muscles
33
Q

tyrosine derivatives

A
  • dopamine (DA)/dopaminergic receptors
  • norepinephrine (NE)/Epinephrine noradrenergic/adrenergic receptors
34
Q

dopamine/dopaminergic receptor locations CNS

A
  • substantia nigra parscompacta
  • ventral tegmental area
35
Q

norepinephrine/epinephrine noradrenergic/adrenergic receptor locations CNS

A

locus caeruleus and lateral tegmental area of pons & medulla

36
Q

norepinephrine/epinephrine noradrenergic/adrenergic receptor locations PNS

A

postganglionic sympathetic target tissues

37
Q

neurotransmitters

tryptophan derivatives

A

serotonin (5HT)/Serotoninergic receptors

38
Q

Serotonin/serotoninergic receptor locations CNS

A

raphe nuclei in midbrain, pons & medulla

39
Q

neurotransmitters

histidine derivatives

A

histamine

40
Q

histamine location CNS

A

tuberomammillary nucleus of hypothalamus

41
Q

amino acid derivatives can be….

A

excitatory or inhibitory based on receptor

42
Q

neurotransmitters are all ____

A

biogenic amines

43
Q

NT categories

A
  • amino acid derivatives
  • amino acids
  • neuroactive peptides
44
Q

neurotransmitters

amino acids

A
  • glutamate (Glu)
  • glycine (Gly)
  • y-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
  • orexin (hypocretin)
  • adenosine
45
Q

Glutamate (Glu)

A

CNS excitation

46
Q

Glycine (Gly)

A

spinal cord inhibitory neurons

47
Q

y-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

CNS inhibition

48
Q

Orexin (hypocretin)

A

promotes awake state (& hunger)

49
Q

adenosine

A

promotes sleepiness, inhibited by caffeine

50
Q

define

neuroactive petides

A

neuromodulators found in the entire CNS but also in other functional systems such as the endocrine, digestive, immune, etc.

51
Q

name

neuroactive peptides

A
  • opioids (endogenous)
  • hypothalamic hormones
  • neurohypophysial hormones
  • tachykinins*
  • secretins*
  • insulins*
  • somatostatins*
  • gastrins*

*digestive & NS

52
Q

the postsynaptic membrane is the ____ of a neuron after a synapse

A

input zone

53
Q

the postsynaptic membrane contains NT receptors in sites called ____

A

postsynaptic densities

54
Q

postsynaptic membrane transmits a ____

A

synaptic potential

55
Q

synaptic potential is initiated by ____

A

neurotransmitters (ligand-gated channels)

56
Q

NT receptor gating

A
  • transmitter (ligant) gated ion channels (ionotropic)
  • second messenger coupled receptors (metabotrophic/tyrosine kinases)
57
Q

how do transmitter (ligant) gated ion channels (ionotropic) work?

A

NT binds to receptor and causes ion channel to open directly

58
Q

how do second messenger coupled receptors (metabotropic/tyrosine kinase) work?

A

NT binds to receptor activating a second messenger cascade which opens, closes, or modulates ion channels

59
Q

nictotinic receptors - agonist

A

nicotine

60
Q

nicotinic receptors - antagonist

A

curare

61
Q

muscarinic receptors - agonist

A

muscarine

62
Q

muscarinic receptors - antagonist

A

atropine

63
Q

muscarine effect on muscarinic receptors

A

agonist (lowers HR)

64
Q

atropine effect on muscarinic receptors

A

antagonist (^HR)

65
Q

glutamate receptor types

A
  • AMPA/kainate (non NMDA) receptors
  • NMDA receptors
66
Q

AMPA/kainate receptors - agonist

A

AMPA/kainate

67
Q

AMPA/kainate receptors - antagonist

A

CNQX

68
Q

NMDA receptors

agonist

A

NMDA

69
Q

NMDA receptors

antagonist

A

APV

70
Q

NMDA receptors allow ____ which is implicated with….

A

influx of Ca++
implicated with cell death resulting from haemorrhagic stroke, epilepsy, & huntington’s chorea (excitotoxicity)

71
Q

NMDA receptors have sites for…

A

Gly, Mg++, Zn++, PCP

block NMDA receptors, acting as a gate

NYCC Neuro 1 (20 decks)

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