Diseases of CNS and PNS Flashcards
define
multiple sclerosis
- presence of antibodies indicates autoimmune disease
- presence of multifocal plaques (scar tissue deposited at sites of demyelination)
MS is characterized by ____ and ____ at irregular intervals
spontaneous unpredictable remissions and relapses
define
optic neuritis
scarring and inflammation of optic nerve
what is often one of the first symptoms of MS within 15 years?
optic neuritis
symptoms of MS
- paresthesias
- visual disturbances
- internuclear opthalamoplegia
- extremity incoordination & clumsiness
- paresis with spasticity (hyperreflexia & hypertonia) - UMN symptoms
____ exacerbates symptoms of MS
temperature
Multiple Sclerosis
UMN/LMN
UMN
ventral root
clinical courses of MS
- benign
- mild
- progressive
- severe
what does paresis & paralysis mean?
paresis - some loss of function
paralysis - total loss of function
what symptoms occur with spasticity?
hyperreflexia & hypertonia
what does hyperreflexia mean?
more active reflexes in muscles
what does hypertonia mean?
tightened muscles
what symptoms occur with flaccidity?
hyporeflexia & hypotonia
what does hyporeflexia mean?
no/low reflexes
what does hypotonia mean?
no muscle tone
UMN/LMN
spastic paresis (hyperreflexia & hypertonia)
UMN
UMN/LMN
flaccidity paresis (hyporeflexia & hypotonia)
LMN
benign MS
mild relapses, complete recovery
mild MS
moderate relapses with gradually accumulating neurological deficit
progressive MS
steady progression without remission
severe MS
frequent severe relapses with only partial recovery
define
Guillain Barre’ Syndrome
autimmune disease causing acute demyelinating peripheral neuropathy
guillain barre syndrome usually follows ____
a respiratory infection
symptoms of guillain barre syndrome
- glove & stocking pattern of sensory loss or paresthesia
- paresis with hyporeflexia & atrophy (LMN symptoms)
UMN/LMN
guillain barre syndrome
LMN
define
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
disease of middle & late life involving UMN and LMN, with no sensory or autonomic symptoms
symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
hand weakness & atrophy with generalized hyperreflexia, progressing rapidly throughout the body
(no sensory or autonomic symptoms)
prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
90% expire within 6 yrs due to respiratory insufficiency
define
myasthenia gravis
autoimmune disease of neuromuscular junction characterized by fluctuating weakness & fatigueability of skeletal muscle due to nicotinic acetylcholine destruction in the junction
in myasthenia gravis, antibodies act against ____
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
symptoms of myasthenia gravis
- ptosis
- affects ocular, facial, and muscles that function in phonation (dysphonia) and swallowing (dysphagia)
what happens to synaptic performance in myasthenia gravis?
- antibodies against nicotinic Ach receptors
- # receptors compromised
- normal infolding of postynaptic membrane reduced & cleft is enlarged
- less NT find receptors before degraded by acetylcholinesterase
Prognosis of myasthenia gravis
- unpredictable course with spontaneous remissions
- severe cases result in pulmonary failure due to respiratory paralysis
Neostigmine is prescribed and a thymectomy is performed for ____
myasthenia gravis
myasthenia gravis
- Neostigmine prescribed (acetylchlinesterase inhibitor)
- thymectomy performed
