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NYCC Neuro 1 > Diencephalon > Flashcards

Diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

Components of diencephalon

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • subthalamus
  • epithalamus
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2
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Collection of nuclei and associated laminae

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3
Q

Location of thalamus

A

Lies in the floor of central portion of lateral ventricles and forms the superior part of the lateral wall of third ventricle

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4
Q

In 70% of the population, the 2 thalami are connected by ____

A

Interthalamic adhesion
(Transverses third ventricle)

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5
Q

What forms the roof of the third ventricle?

A

Ependymal lining of 3rd ventricle reflected from one side to the other along stria medullaris thalami

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6
Q

Lateral surface of the 3rd ventricle is covered by the ____

A

External medullary lamina

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7
Q

Internally, the thalamus is divided by a vertical sheet of white matter called ____

A

Internal medullary lamina

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8
Q

Functions of thalamus

A
  • receives info about sensation, vision, hearing
  • mediates motor info from cerebellum and basal ganglia to the motor cortex
  • involved in autonomic maintenance of consciousness
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9
Q

Name the nuclear groups of the thalamus

A
  • anterior
  • medial
  • ventral anterior
  • ventral lateral
  • ventral posterior medial
  • ventral posterior lateral
  • pulvinar
  • medial geniculate body
  • lateral geniculate body
  • Lateral dorsal
  • lateral posterior
  • reticular
  • intralaminar
  • midline
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10
Q

Name the ventrolateral nuclei of the thalamus

A
  • lateral dorsal
  • lateral posterior
  • ventral anterior
  • ventral lateral
  • ventral posterior medial
  • ventral posterior lateral
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11
Q

Anterior nucleus receives ____ information from the _____

A

Limbic system information from mammillary bodies
(Via mammillothalamic tract)

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12
Q

Anterior nucleus projects to the…

A

Cingulate gyrus and frontal cortex

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13
Q

Function of anterior nucleus of the thalamus

A

Memory & emotions

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14
Q

What causes Korsakoff’s psychosis/syndrome?

A
  • Chronic severe alcoholism (thiamine deficiency)
    —> lesions typically around the 3rd ventricle, especially medial & anterior thalamic nuclei, mammillary bodies and/or connections between them
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15
Q

What are the symptoms of Korsakoff’s psychosis/syndrome?

A
  • Short term memory loss
  • patient attempts to compensate by confabulating (inserting remote past memories, blatantly untrue stories to fill in gaps)
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16
Q

Medial group of nuclei of the thalamus receives information from…

A

Basal ganglia
Amygdala
Midbrain
Some spinothalamic fibers

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17
Q

Medial group of nuclei of the thalamus project to the ____

A

Prefrontal lobe

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18
Q

Function of medial group of nuclei of the thalamus

A

Memory & behaviour

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19
Q

Ablation of medial group of nuclei of the thalamus results in…

A

Symptoms that parallel those of prefrontal lobotomy (also affected in Korsakoff’s)

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20
Q

Ventral anterior & ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus receive information from…

A

Basal ganglia & dentate nucleus

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21
Q

Ventral anterior & ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus project to…

A

Motor & premotor cortices

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22
Q

Function of ventral anterior & ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus

A

Motor integration & maintenance of consciousness

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23
Q

Stimulation of ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus causes…

A

Increase in Parkinsonian rigidity and tremor

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24
Q

Ablation of ventral anterior & ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus has been shown to….

A

Ameliorate Parkinsonian symptoms

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25
Q

All sensation except olfaction reaches consciousness in the ____, is integrated and sent to the sensory cortex

A

Ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus

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26
Q

Ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus

A

All sensory information from the head & face reaches consciousness and is integrated

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27
Q

Ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus

A

All sensory info from the body reaches consciousness and is integrated

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28
Q

Lesion of ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus

A

Anesthesia (loss of sensation) or thalamic syndrome (hypersensitivity)

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29
Q

medial geniculate body receives information from…

A

Inferior brachium and therefore from inferior colliculus

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30
Q

Medial geniculate body projects to…

A

Auditory cortex via auditory radiation

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31
Q

Medial geniculate body is part of the…

A

Auditory pathway

32
Q

Lesion of medial geniculate body results in…

A

Diminished hearing more pronounced contralaterally

33
Q

Lateral geniculate body receives information from…

A

Optic tract

34
Q

Lateral geniculate body projects to…

A

Visual cortex via optic radiation

35
Q

Lateral geniculate body is part of the ____

A

Visual pathway

36
Q

Lesion of lateral geniculate body results in…

A

Visual loss (contralateral homonymous hemianopsia)

37
Q

Lateral dorsal nucleus has reciprocal connection with…

A

Limbic system areas

38
Q

Function of lateral dorsal nucleus

A

Emotional expression

39
Q

Lateral posterior nucleus has reciprocal connections with…

A

Sensory association cortex of parietal lobe

40
Q

Function of lateral posterior nucleus

A

Integration of sensory information

41
Q

Pulvinar receives fibers from…

A

Retina and superior colliculus

42
Q

Pulvinar projects in the…

A

Parietal, occipital, & temporal lobes

43
Q

Functions of pulvinar

A

Visual reflexes and eye movement

44
Q

Reticular nucleus has reciprocal connections with…

A

Thalamus & cortex

45
Q

Function of reticular nucleus

A

Modulation of thalamic activity

46
Q

Intralaminar nuclei includes the ____

A

Centromedian nucleus

47
Q

Functions of Centromedian nucleus

A

Functions as part of Limbic system in maintaining consciousness & alertness and in integrating emotional responses to pain

48
Q

Midline nuclei form most of the ____

A

Interthalamic adhesion

49
Q

Hypothalamus forms the…

A

Inferior part of lateral wall, and floor of 3rd ventricle

50
Q

Mammillary bodies and tuber cinereum are part of the ____

A

Hypothalamus

51
Q

Hypothalamus is divided by the ____ into…

A

Columns of Fornix
Anterior, intermediate, posterior zones

52
Q

Hypothalamus is part of the ____ system

A

Limbic
Controls autonomic responses and is part of endocrine system

53
Q

hypothalamic functions

Endocrine control

A

By formation of releasing & release inhibiting factors that promote production & secretion of hormones by cells of anterior pituitary

54
Q

hypothalamic functions

Neurosecretion

A
  • occurs via hypothalamohypophyseal tract
  • paraventricular nucleus secretes Oxytocin
  • supraoptic nucleus secretes ADH
55
Q

Lesion of supraoptic nucleus causes…

A

Diabetes insipidus -> polydipsia, polyuria

56
Q

hypothalamic functions

General autonomic effects

A

Different regions mediate sympathetic or parasympathetic activity

57
Q

hypothalamic functions

Temperature regulation

A
  • Anterior zone responds to increases in temperature by causing cutaneous vasodilation & sweating
  • posterior zone responds to decreases in temperature by causing cutaneous vasoconstriction & shivering
58
Q

hypothalamic functions

Blood pressure & osmollarity control

A
  • Regulation of food & water intake
  • contains a glucose sensitive satiety centre and a hunger & thirst centre
59
Q

Lesion of glucose sensitive satiety centre causes ____

A

Hyperphagia

60
Q

Lesion of hunger & thirst centre causes ____

A

Hypophagia

61
Q

hypothalamic functions

A
  1. Endocrine control
  2. Neurosecretion
  3. General autonomic effects
  4. Temperature regulation
  5. Blood pressure & osmollarity control
  6. Sexual behaviour & reproduction
  7. Biological clock
  8. Emotion, fear, rage, aversion, pleasure, reward
62
Q

hypothalamic functions

Sexual behaviour & reproduction

A

Controls gametogenesis, cyclic variations, maturation & maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics by means of controlling gonadotrophin production by anterior pituitary

63
Q

hypothalamic functions

Biological clocks

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus is involved in circadian rhythms & affects fluctuation in body temperature during the 24hrs

64
Q

hypothalamic functions

emotion, fear, rage, aversion, pleasure, reward

A

hypothalamus, limbic system & prefrontal cortex match feelings to their appropriate emotional expression

65
Q

subthalamus location

A

transition zone between midbrain & thalamus

66
Q

subthalamus contains the ____

A

subthalamic nucleus

67
Q

subthalamic nucleus

A

functional constituent of basal ganglia

68
Q

lesion of subthalamus

A

hemiballismus: uncontrollable, violent torsonal movements

69
Q

epithalamus is composed of…

A

habenula
stria medullaris thalami
pineal gland
posterior commissure
habenular commissure

70
Q

habenula function

A

olfactory reflexes (limbic system)

71
Q

stria medullaris thalami connects…

A

septal area to habenula

72
Q

posterior commissure connects…

A

2 superior colliculi

73
Q

function of posterior commissure

A

visual reflexes

74
Q

pineal gland secretes ____

A

antigonadotropin & melatonin

75
Q

function of antigonadotropin

A

inhibits gonadotropic of anterior pituitary

76
Q

pineal growth results in…

A

delayed puberty

77
Q

pineal destruction results in…

A

precocious puberty

NYCC Neuro 1 (20 decks)

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