Swine Nutrition Flashcards
Ca importance in gestating/lactating sow diets
Good for bone growth development
Vitamin E in boar diet
Protects against oxidation of FA in semen resulting in higher semen quality
Weaned Pig Nutrition
Special diet (most expensive)
Change from requiring energy dense, highly palatable and digestible diet to simple soybean meal grain diet
Fed as much as they want
Metabolic Disorders of gestating female pigs
Gestational Diabetes
Decreased post-farrowing performance
Decreaed milk production
Farrowing difficulty
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Due to excessive weight gain during gestation
Used in lactaion diets to meet requirement of high producing sow
L-Lysine
Too much fat on a gilt results in
Locomotor problems
Vitamin A in boar diets
Improves motility when semen is stored
Ratio of calcium to phosphorus in pig production
1.2 : 1.0
Swine feed generally consists of
Corn (energy)
Soybean Meal (protein)
Increasing pig carcass lean content
Restricted feeding
Porcine somatotrophin
Beta agonists - Ractopamine
Transgenic pigs
Limiting factor to sow milk production
Feed intake capacity during lactation to support nursery progeny
Pros of outdoor pig production
Cheaper
Perceived better from animal welfare POV
Reduction of pollution
Factors that affect nutrient requirements in pigs
Weaning Age
Antigen Exposure
Sex and Genotype
Sow
Adult intact female
Nutrient determinants for growth
Tissue aceretion rates
Milk yield
Pig weight gain
Farrowing
Act of giving birth
Life stage of pig that requires the highest protein in feed
Nursing pigs
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Nursing > Weaned > Nursing Sow > Boars
Swine Grower Rations
Adjusted to sex, age and genetic potential
Advice to give to owner of a pet pig in regards to feed
Buy food that has been formulated for pet pigs - proper balance of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, etc.
In the growing pig what is the limiting nutrient up to 100 pounds
Protein
Phase Feeding
Adjusting the ration several times over the grower-finisher period as the nutritional needs of the hog change
Limiting ingredient in swine nutrition
Lysine - must meet requirement first
Reproduction in a boar - 3 characteristics
Libido
Number of Sperm Cells
Fertilizing capacity of sperm cells
Ingredients used to provide protein in pig diet
Soybean meal
Not enough fat on a gilt results in
Reduced productivity
Importance of Se and Vitamin E in sow feed
Deficiency will increase incidence of decreased milk production
Important microminerals incorporated into pig nutrition
Zinc
Manganese
Iodine
Iron
Copper
Selenium
Constant feeding level
No flexibility to adjust nutrient intake based on body condition score
Biotin in boar diet
Increased requirement when foot problems
Relationship between energy density and level of intake in pigs
High energy = reduced intake
High fiber = increased intake
Why are iron injections given in the neck of piglets?
Stains the muscle
Goal of feeding developing gilts
To optimize reproductive productivity and longevity
Temperature preference difference between sow and piglets
Piglets prefer 90 degrees
Sows prefer 65 degrees
Percent of preweaning deaths related to insufficient milk production
50%
Selenium importance in swine nutrition
biological antioxidant
Barrow
Castrated male
Water soluble vitamins important in pig nutrition
Niacin
Pantothenic acid
Vitamin B12
RIboflavin
Choline
Biotin
Folic Acid
Problems associated with indoor pig production
Manure elimiation
Ventilation - built up toxins like ammonia
Health problems associated with pig nutrition
Anemia
Vitamin Deficiencies
Minerals
Essential Amino Acids
Essential Fatty Acids
Boar
Adult intact male
Factors affecting the onset of puberty in the gilt
Genetic line
Social environment
Season
Boar exposure
Growth rate
Body composition
Age
Zn importance in swine nutrition
Helps with health of feet and skin
Gilt
Young intact female - has not had a litter
Most important nutrient for pigs
Water
Zn in boar diet
Deficiency in young males results in lack of ability to attain reproductive function
Adult males, deficiency results in reduced sperm quantity and quality
Most challenging dietary goal of swine breeding herd
Lacatating Sow
Interval Feeding
Offering feed every other day
Decreases labor and management
Works well with sows, not well with gilts
Feeding strategies for pig production
Constant Feeding Level
Phase Feeding
Interval Feeding
Used to limit energy intake of gestating females and functions as a laxative.
Decreased energy intake without restricting total feed intake
Fiber
Why do we supplement pigs with vitamins?
Pigs lack microflora that produce vitamin B
Phytase
Enzyme that decreases nitrogen and ammonia excretion, decreases amount of manure and makes the odor better
Ingredients used to provide energy in pig diets
Corn
Barley
Wheat
Sorghum
Why are piglets castrated and tails docked?
Castrated due to foul odor associated with meat from intact pigs
Tails docked to avoid tail biting which can lead to meningitis
Importance of Mg in sow feed
Used as laxatives, but oversupplementation will result in lower Ca absorption
Nursery Pig Nutrition
Sow fed as much as she wants in order to maintain weight to be sure that she goes into estrus after piglets are weaned
Fat soluble vitamins important is pig nutrition
Vitamin A
Vitamin D3
Vitamin E
Vitamin K`
75-80% of feed consumed by pigs is during what phase of production?
Growing - Finishing Phase
Why doesn’t flushing work in a sow?
Sows are already on the highest level of nutrition while lactating - 1 week post weaning will go into estrus if in good condition
Swine Starter Rations
Focus on the rapid changes in the pigs digestive system
Most expensive rations because of the ingredients used
Selenium in boar diet
Deficiency results in reduced sperm and motility
Importanct of Ca and P in sow feed
Important for sow skeletal maintenance as well as fetus development
Importance of Cr in sow feed
Positive effects on reproductive function - increase in litter size
Supplementation with this in pigs has been shown to prolong shelf-life of meat and improve color appeal to customers
Vitamin E
Importance of Ca in sow feed
Hypocalcemia will cause poor muscle contraction = poor milk ejection and poor uterine contractions during farrowing
Swine Finisher Rations
Adjusts again for sex, age and genetic potential
Piglets are weaned at
21 days
Flushing
2 weeks before breeding given higher protein feed to ovulate higher number of ova
(Indoor/Outdoor) pig productions decrease the chance of pigs contracting diseases
Indoor
Factors that can limit the potential of the early weaned pig
Genetics
Health
Optimum nutrition through phase feeding
Ractopamine
Fed to finishing pig to promote leanness
Dramatic muscle growth
Beta-agonist
