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RUSVM Animal Nutrition > Nutrition and Nutrients > Flashcards

Nutrition and Nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

Amino acids that are most commonly deficient in feed

A

Lysine

Methionine

Tryptophan

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2
Q

What are some variables that can alter nutritional composition

A

Time of year

Availability of water

Time of harvest

Plant variety

Processing

Conservation

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3
Q

Haylage

A

Semi-wilted, fermented grases/legumes in bags

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4
Q

Feedstuff

A

Component of a diet (ration) that serves some useful function

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5
Q

Component of proximate analysis determined by drying a sample in an oven until constant weight

A

Dry Matter

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6
Q

Types of nutrients

A

Carbohydrate

Protein

Lipid

Minerals

Vitamins

+/- Water

+/- Energy

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7
Q

Proximate analysis component determined by boiling a knowns amount of ground feed sample in a weak acid solution followed by filtration and repeating the process with weak base solution before drying

A

Crude Fiber

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8
Q

Essential Fatty Acid

A

Animal requires but not able to synthesize

______________

Linoleic and Linolenic

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9
Q

Number one US grain

US major exporter and producer

Highly palatable

High energy, low fiber

Fed whole, ground or flaked

A

Corn

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10
Q

Vitamins are easily destroyed by

A

Heat

Sunlight

Oxidation

Long Storage

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11
Q

Forages/pastures are most nutritious if harvested and/or eaten as (young/old) plant

A

Young

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12
Q

Suited to cold and wet weather

Low fiber and less energy than other grains

Fed whole or rolled

Very safe but not as nutritious as other grains

A

Oats

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13
Q

Functions of minerals

A

Enzyme activity

Oxygen transport

Component of vitamins

Osmotic pressure

Nervous system

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14
Q

Found in the highest concentration - after water - in all living organisms

A

Proteins

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15
Q

Cold tolerant

Has a hard kernal

Rolled, ground or flaked

Drought tolerant

Must not be fed green

A

Barley

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16
Q

Drought resistant

Composition similar to corn

Fed ground or rolled

Less energy content than corn

A

Sorghum

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17
Q

Effect of goitorgenic compounds of canola

A

Disrupts thyroid metabolism

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18
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose + Glucose

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19
Q

1 cal = _____ J

A

4.184 J

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20
Q

Forage

A

Total plant material to be consumed by the animal

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21
Q

Tropical grass found on lawns, pastures, hays

Dense root mass

Spreads through rhizomes

Very fibrous when over mature

A

Bermuda Grass

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22
Q

Mainly used for human use

Must be rolled or pressed to break the hard kernel

Become pasty in GI tract

High energy, high crude protein, low fiber

A

Wheat

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23
Q

Hay

A

Forage baled at low water content

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24
Q

Cool season grasses

A

Timothy

Sweet-Clover

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25
Q

(Low/High) NDF values are desired

A

Low

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26
Q

Vitamin D deficiency causes

A

Rickets

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27
Q

Nodules in root system

Transform atmospheric N into usable form

High CP

A

Legumes

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28
Q

Common mineral deficiencies of pigs

A

Iron

Selenium

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29
Q

Vitamin K deficiency causes

A

Tissue hemorrhage

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30
Q

Common native grasses

A

Little Bluestem

Big Bluestem

Indian Grass

Switch Grass

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31
Q

(Low/High) ADF concentration feeds are usually more nutritious

A

Low

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32
Q

Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE) =

A

NFE = 100 - (CP + CF+ Crude Fat + Ash)

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33
Q

Vitamin E

A

Germ or germ oil of plants, green plants or hay sources

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34
Q

Sources of water

A

Drinking water

Free water (feedstuff)

Metabolic water

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35
Q

By product of wet milling of corn starch and syrup

40-60% CP

Low palatability

A

Corn Gluten Meal

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36
Q

T/F: Water is considered a nutrient when formulating rations.

A

False

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37
Q

Storage for preserved long fibers

A

Hay

Haylage

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38
Q

Common mineral deficiency of sheep

A

Cobalt

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39
Q

Vitamin K

A

Green plant material source

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40
Q

Types of silages

A

Ensiled Forages

Proteinaceous

Carbonaceous

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41
Q

Component of proximate analysis determined by sample digested in hot, concentrated sulphuric acid to convert all carbon to carbon dioxide and nitrogen is trapped

A

Crude Protein

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42
Q

Amino Acids

A

Building blocks of proteins

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43
Q

Feedstuffs can be classified according to 8 different categories

A

Roughages

Pasture, Range Plants, Plants fed green

Silages and Haylages

Energy Feeds

Protein Supplements

Mineral Supplements

Vitamin Supplements

Non-Nutritive Additives

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44
Q

Neutral Detergen Fiber (NDF)

A

Structural components of the plant - specifically cell wall

Predictor of voluntary intake

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45
Q

Pentoses

A

Arabinose

Ribose

Xylose

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46
Q

High Energy Feed Stuffs

A

Cereal

Grain By-Products

Molasses

Sugar Beet Pulp

Citrus Pulp

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47
Q

Production of oil and linen cloth

Meal results from oil extraction

CP low, CF high

Poor amino acid content

May contain cyanogen

A

Linseed (Flax)

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48
Q

Disaccharide examples

A

Lactose

Maltose

Sucrose

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49
Q

Feed Additives

A

Ingredient or combination of ingredients added to basic feed mix to fulfill a specific need

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50
Q

Two major storage forms for forages

A

Hay

Silage

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51
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Lipids that contain proteins

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52
Q

Macrominerals

A

Major minerals found in concentrations above 100ppm

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53
Q

Main role of lipids

A

Act as concentrated form of stored energy

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54
Q

Pastures are important feed for what species

A

Dairy cows

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55
Q

Digestible Energy (DE) =

A

DE = Gross Energy (Feed) - Gross Energy (Feces)

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56
Q

To determine mineral content what analysis must be done

A

Atomic Absorption

Spectrophotometry

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57
Q

Polysaccharide examples

A

Cellulose

Glycogen

Starch

Gums

Hemicelluose

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58
Q

One of the most popular roughages for dairy cattle

Highly palatable silage

Easily stored and handled

Requires less labor to harvest and feed

50% grain

A

Corn Silage

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59
Q

Common mineral deficiency in goats and chickens

A

Zinc

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60
Q

Legume

Production of oil and grain

Beans must be heat treated

Oil pressing

Most important protein supplement

A

Soybean

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61
Q

Very common and quality grass hay

Grows in cool weather

Very productive

CP 14-17%

A

Orchard Grass

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62
Q

Components evaluated in proximate analysis

A

Dry Matter

Crude Protein

Ether Extract

Crude Fiber

Ash

Nitrogen Free Extract

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63
Q

Grains produced by plants of the grass family

Competition with human nutrition

Immesne tonages of harvested grains

A

Cereal Grains

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64
Q

Classification of Feedstuff

________________________________

Plant transforms solar energy into nutrient souces via photosynthesis

Primarily provide dietary carbohydrates

Require action of microbial digestion in GI tract

A

Roughages and Forages

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65
Q

T/F: Monogastrics perform well on roughages and foragages

A

False

________________________

Ruminants, Horses and Rabbit perform well

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66
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A

Not all bonds of the carbon are taken by H

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67
Q

Bloat in cattle can be due to ingestion of this feedstuff

A

Alfalfa

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68
Q

Example of carbonaceous silages

A

Corn Silage

Grass Silage

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69
Q

Four categories of herbage

A

Grasses

Legumes

Forbs

Browse

70
Q

Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)

A

Analytical method slowly replacing proximate analysis

Useful for cereals and pelleted rations

71
Q

T/F: Kjeldahl Method gives accurate result for feed grade urea

A

False

72
Q

Proximate analysis component determined by burning feed at 300C to 600C

A

Ash

73
Q

Functions of proteins

A

Protecting the body

Food digestion

Stimulating growth

Immune reaction

74
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to do work

75
Q

Tropical crop

Meal obtained after oil extraction

Low on lysine

Low digestibility

A

Peanuts

76
Q

1 cal = ______ kcal

A

1 kcal

77
Q

Kjeldahl Method

A

Estimates crude protein content by measuring nitrogen content irrespective of source

78
Q

Special concerns with pastures

A

Poisonous plants

Bloat

Nitrate Poisoning

79
Q

Most grasses consumed are of the (C3/C4) type.

A

C3

______________________

Higher protein than C4

80
Q

Common grass of lawns and pastures

Drought tolerant

Tolerant to cold and warm weathers

CP 12%, ADF 30-40%

A

Fescue

81
Q

Blister Beetle Toxicity

A

Horses

Cantharidin toxin of blister beetles found in alfalfa

GI irritant, oral ulcers, colic, death

82
Q

Hexoses

A

Fructose

Glucose

Galactose

Mannose

83
Q

Cold adapted grass

Does not withstand drought

Important hay grass

Favorite of horses, cubed for rabbits and horses

CP relatively high

A

Timothy

84
Q

Nitrogen Free Extract is an estimation of

A

Readily available carbohydrates

85
Q

Lipid

A

Organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent

86
Q

Vitamin

A

Organic substances required by the organisms in very small amounts

87
Q

Temperate climate legume

Cold adapted

May cause problems related to photosentization in horses by unclear mechanism

A

Alsike Clover

88
Q

Common legume in pastures and lawns

“Dutch Clover”

High CP levels - 17-33%

A

White Clover

89
Q

Common clinical signs of vitamin deficiency

A

Anorexia

Reduced growth

Dermatitis

Muscular incoordination

Weakness

90
Q

Vitamin B Complex

A

Animal and fish by products, dairy products

91
Q

Water losses occur through

A

Urine

Feces

Lungs

Skin

Milk

92
Q

Roughage

A

Dietary component high in fiber

93
Q

Disaccharide

A

Consists of 2 sugar molecules

94
Q

Silages

A

Moisture higher than haylage and hay

95
Q

Water loss increases with

A

High protein

High mineral salts

High fiber

High intakes

96
Q

Last resort plant material

Few animals able to digest

A

Browse

97
Q

Inorganic materials are determined by ______ content

A

Ash

98
Q

What happens when energy deficiency occurs?

A

Animals will mobilize body reserves (fat)

99
Q

Vitamin A

A

Only found in animal tissues or synthesized

100
Q

Legume excellent source of protein, calcium, carotene, tocopherol and water soluble vitamins

Highly palatable

Deep rooted - drought tolerant

A

Alfalfa

101
Q

Metabolizable Energy (ME) =

A

ME = Digestible Energy - Gross Energy (Urine + Gas)

102
Q

Classifications of vitamins

A

Water Soluble

Fat Soluble

103
Q

Vitamin A deficiency causes

A

blindness

104
Q

Popular feed ingredients for ruminants

Whole cob including grain ground

More crude fiber than grain

A

Corn and Cob Meal

105
Q

Relatively winter hardy/ low temperature tolerant grass

Very common

CP 12%, ADF 22-26%, NDF 50%

A

Brome Grass

106
Q

Legume commonly found in pasture

Characteristic red flower

Contamination with fungus Rhizoctonia leguminocola

A

Red Clover

107
Q

Minerals

A

Inorganic components of the diet - solid, crystallline elements that cannot be decomposed or synthesized by chemical reactions

108
Q

Storage for short fibers

A

Silages

109
Q

Microminerals (Trace Minerals)

A

Minerals found in concentrations less than 100 ppm

110
Q

Energy Deficiency

A

Wild and domestic animals go through alternating periods of energy surplus, adequacy and deficiency

111
Q

Examples of proteinaceous silages

A

Alfalfa silage

Clover silage

112
Q

Component of proximate analysis determined by extracting of a feed with ethyl ether or combination of organic solvents

A

Ether Extract (Crude Fat)

113
Q

In order to get qualitative information about crude fat what test must be performed

A

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

114
Q

Fat

A

Fatty acids of varied lengths comined with a glycerol molecule

115
Q

Grass commonly contaminated with Neotyphoidum coenophialum that produces ergot type alkaloids

A

Fescue

116
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose + Galactose

117
Q

Non grain part of crops

Low in energy, protein, minerals, vitamins

Little nutritional value

Add fiber to diets

Cheap alternative for feeding dry cows and older heifers

A

Straw

118
Q

Gross energy is measured with

A

Calorimetric Bomb

119
Q

Nutrition

A

Series of processes by which an animal takes in the assimilates feed components for promoting growth, milk, or fiber production and replacing worn or injured tissues

120
Q

Determines protein function and properties

A

Amino Acid Sequence

121
Q

Common signs of deficiency of essential fatty acids

A

Scaly skin, necrosis of tail, poor feathering

122
Q

What happens if the amino acid required to synthesize a protein is not available?

A

Protein will not be synthesized

123
Q

Dry Matter % =

A

DM% = (Dry Weight / Fresh Weight) x 100

124
Q

Distillery and brewery products are high in what amino acids

A

Tryptophan

Lysine

125
Q

Commonly found minerals in water

A

Chloride, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphates and Bicarbonates

126
Q

Perennial Grass

High quality during cool season

12-16% protein

A

Ryegrass

127
Q

Explain how silage becomes preserved

A

Plants continue to respire - consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide

Temperature increases

Fermentation of sugars to organic acid (lactic acid) lowers pH

128
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

All bonds in the the carbon are taken by hydrogen

129
Q

Nutrient that is required in the highest amount in animal diet

A

Energy

130
Q

Herbage

A

Plant material not including seeds or roots - primarily used for wildlife

131
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Multiple sugar molecules

132
Q

Cool climate

Good CP in meal

Less lysine than soybean, more methionine

Toxic goitrogenic compounds

A

Canola

133
Q

Browse

A

Woody plants, consumed by selective grazers/browsers

134
Q

Legume commonly found in pastures

High in coumarin which is converted to dicoumarol (anti-vitamin K)

May cause bleeding problems - carcass damage from bruising

A

Sweet Clover

135
Q

Effects of Gossypol

A

Toxic to heart, lung and reproductive system

Safer in ruminants

136
Q

Calorie (cal)

A

Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree celsius

137
Q

Most important source of energy

A

Carbohydrates

138
Q

Monosaccharide

A

One sugar molecule

139
Q

Examples of types of feed additives

A

Antibiotics

Arsenicals

Coccidiostats

Nitrofurans

Enzymes

Pigmenters

140
Q

Proximate Analysis of Ether Extract provides (qualitative/quantitative) information

A

Quantitative

141
Q

Percent of body weight that is considered water

A

75%

142
Q

Warm season grasses

A

Bermudagrass

Switchgrass

143
Q

Fats and oils are a dietary source of

A

Essential Fatty Acids

144
Q

Species that is very good at using forbs

A

Goats

____________________

Lesser extent sheep and cattle

145
Q

Ingestion of contaminated fescue can cause what clinical signs in Mares?

A

Prolonged gestation

Weak foals

Abortion

Agalactia

146
Q

Method of feed evaluation replacing Crude Fiber

A

Detergent Method

147
Q

Summer Syndrome

A

Cattle

Increased body temperature, rapid breathing, decreased production

Due to ingestion of contaminated fescue

148
Q

By product of the sugar industry

High energy, low protein

Increase the palatability of rations

A

Molasses

149
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose + Fructose

150
Q

What in the nodules of legumes are able to transform atomospheric N into a form usable by the plant

A

Rhizobia

151
Q

Most common analysis for feed samples

A

Proximate Analysis

152
Q

Function of water soluble vitamins

A

Cofactors of enzymes

153
Q

Water plays an essential role in

A

Digestion

Nutrient Transport

Waste Excretion

Temperature Regulation

154
Q

Herbage that is able to convert atmospheric N into crude protein

A

Legumes

155
Q

Most common mineral supplement added to diets

A

Salt (NaCl)

156
Q

Produced for oil and seeds

Meal high in protein but deficient in lysine

High fiber content

A

Sunflower

157
Q

Hay

A

Preserved by drying

Ideal is produce hay around midspring

20% or less moisture

158
Q

Slaframine Toxicosis

A

“Salivary Syndrome”

d/t ingestion of Slaframine mycotoxin

Bloat, diarrhea, frequent urination

159
Q

Oilseed meals commonly used in anima rations

A

Soybean

Peanut

Sunflower

Cottonseed

Flax

160
Q

Average protein content in feedstuffs

A

16%

161
Q

Function of fat soluble vitamins

A

Vision

Calcium absorption

Anti-oxidants

162
Q

Outer covering of the grain seed

Removed when flour is made

More fiber and less energy than whole grain

A

Bran

____________________

Grain By Product

163
Q

Vitamin D

A

Sun cured forages, fish, liver oil and synthetic sources

164
Q

Economic source for boosting protein levels in ruminant rations

46% Nitrogen

Bitter taste

Can be toxic in high quantities

A

Feed Grade Urea

165
Q

Forbs

A

Broadleaf, non-woody plants

166
Q

Fescue Foot

A

Gangrene

Cattle

Occurs in the winter

Due to ingestion of contaminated fescue

167
Q

Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF)

A

Least digestible plant components, including cellulose and lignin

168
Q

Most vitamins are stored in the

A

Liver

169
Q

Grown for fiber

Contains Gossypol

A

Cotton

170
Q

Protein supplements that may cause strange flavors to products and can be hazarous to health if not used properly

A

Animal By Products

RUSVM Animal Nutrition (16 decks)

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