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RUSVM Animal Nutrition > Equine Nutrition > Flashcards

Equine Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical signs of Ionophore Toxicity

A

Cardiotoxic - trembling, sweating, cardiac arrhythmias, death

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

Clinical signs of colic

A

Looking at flank, pawing, rolling

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4
Q

Growing horse dry matter intake

A

3.5%

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5
Q

Ca:P ratio in alfalfa

A

3: 1 to 6:1 (average)
12: 1 (high)

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6
Q

Special nutrient requirements of endurance horses

A

High fiber to hold water and decrease water loss

Avoid large grain meal 1-4 hours before

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7
Q

Muscles that are cut to manage cribbing

A

“Strap” Muscles

Sternothyroideus

Sternohyoideus

Omohyoideus

Sternomandibularis

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8
Q

Treatment of esophageal obstruction

A

Sedation

Naso-gastric tube +/- lavage

+/- treatment for aspiration

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9
Q

Nutritional requirement categories for horses

A

Maintenance

Growth

Gestation

Lactation

Work

Geriatric

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10
Q

Clinical signs of Canthatidin Toxicosis

A

Colic

Anorexia

Depression

GIT erosions

Frequent urination

Colitis

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11
Q

Special nutrient requirements for horses on weight restriction

A

Feed 70-75% requirements

Include exercise

_______________________

Be careful with breeds at risk for hyperlipemia

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12
Q

Forage should be provided how often to horses throughout the day?

A

Ad Libitum to avoid lowering stomach pH

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13
Q

Refeeding Syndrome

A

Occurs in starved horses

Heart, respiratory or renal failure

Precipitous phosphate, MG and K drop associated wtih insulin spikes

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14
Q

Equine nutritional needs depends on what factors

A

Horse Specific Factors

Dietary Factors

Feeding Management

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15
Q

Horses consume water in what kind of pattern

A

Circadian Pattern

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16
Q

Clinical signs of Moldy Corn Poisoning

A

Rapid progression - incoordination, depression, blindness, sweating, head pressing, seizures, coma, death

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17
Q

Absorption of proteins occurs in the _________ of the horse.

A

Stomach

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18
Q

Digestion of proteins occurs in the _________ of the horse.

A

Stomach

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19
Q

Breakdown and absorption of non-structural carbohydrates occurs in the __________ of the horse.

A

Small intestine

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20
Q

What months of lactation are important to consider in the horse?

A

First three months

__________________________

First month is the highest requirement

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21
Q

Considerations to avoid competition in horse feeding management

A

Feed in compatible groups

Spread out when group feeding

Trauma associated with competition

Esophageal Obstruction

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22
Q

Treatment of EGUS

A

Treat active ulcers with omeprazole, H2 blockers and carafate

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23
Q

Cause an increased risk of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrom -EGUS- in horses

A

Illness

Strenuous exercise

Feeding managment - increaded feeding of VFA, intermittent feed deprivation

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24
Q

Fescue Toxicosis is due to

A

contamination with endophyte that causes ergot alkaloids

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25
Q

Treatment of Equine Metabolic Syndrome

A

Low glycemic index diet

Exercise

Ievothroxine Sodium

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26
Q

Starch digestion ideally occurs ___________ in the horse

A

Pre-cecally

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27
Q

Canthatidin Toxicosis of horses is caused by

A

Ingestion of blister beetles found in alfalfa

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28
Q

Pathogenesis of fescue toxicosis

A

Causes dopaminerginic inhibition of prolactin from action potential → decreased prolactin and progesterone

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29
Q

Clinical Signs of EGUS

A

Colic, poor appetite, altered behavior, exercise intolerance, weight loss, poor condition

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30
Q

Treatment of colic

A

NSAIDs

Rectal examination

NG intubation

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31
Q

What is the advantage to horses biting?

A

Creates small pieces

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32
Q

Horse peak lactation dry matter intake

A

3 %

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33
Q

Two types of digestion that occur within the horse GI

A

Enzymatic Digestion (Small Intestine)

Microbial Digestion (Large Intestine)

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34
Q

Hydrolyzable carbohydrates are digested in the ____________ of horses

A

Small intestine

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35
Q

Treatment of developmental orthopedic disease

A

Reduce energy intake

Supplement micronutrients

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36
Q

Fat supplements used in horse diets

A

Vegetable oil

Rice bran, soy or corn oil

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37
Q

3 types of dental problems of equines that may affect feed intake

A

Enamel points

Molar hooks

Ulcerations

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38
Q

Special nutrient requirements for geriatric horse

A

BCS 4-6

High quality feed

1-2 cups fat

Lower digestible fiber

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39
Q

Considerations when using hay as a main feed for horses:

A

Minimum 1% of body weight

Good quality

Supplement with grain or fat

40
Q

Locomotor vices that are not associated to feed management

A

Weaving

Stall walking

Headshaking

41
Q

Horse Maintenance =

A

M = 1.4 + 0.03 x BW(kg)

42
Q

Sugars that are not digested in the horse’s small intestine reach the large intestine to produce ___________

A

VFA

43
Q

Fat supplementation in horses is preferred when

A

Requirements can not be met totally with forage intake alone

44
Q

Pathogenesis of grain induced laminitis

A

Rapid fermentation in large intestine increases endotoxins → Increased lactate → decreased pH → increased mucosal absorption → destruction of basement membrane, digital ischemia, leukocyte infiltration → laminitis

45
Q

Vices associated with feed management

A

Cribbing

Wind sucking

Wood chewing

46
Q

T/F: Highly processed grains have the highest digestibility in the small intestine

A

True

47
Q

Clinical signs of fescue toxicosis

A

Prolonged gestation

Premature separation of the placenta

Dystocia

Retained placenta

Agalactia

48
Q

Nursing/Weaning horse dry matter intake

A

2%

49
Q

Prevention of fescue toxicosis

A

Move late gestation mares off pasture

Cut grass

Domperidone

Fungus free fescue

Re seed

50
Q

Management of esophageal obstruction

A

Repeat offenders

Slow down eating

Separate the bully

Soak feed

51
Q

Rapidly fermentable carbohydrates and slowly fermentable carbohydrates undergo microbial digestion in the _____________ of the horse

A

Large Intestine

52
Q

Clinical signs of equine dental problems

A

Weight loss, dropping feed, difficulty eating, quidding

53
Q

Treatment of Ionophore Toxicity

A

Supportive

Lavage GI (oil/charcoal)

54
Q

Number one cause of death of equines

A

Colic

55
Q

Daily Need (horse) =

A

Maintenance + Physiologic State

56
Q

What is the relationship between the number of chews a horse does and the risk of gastric ulcers?

A

Decreased chews → decreased saliva → decreased buffering → increased risk of gastric ulcers

57
Q

Energy from fat is ______% utilizable

A

90%

58
Q

Moldy Corn Poisoning - Leukoencephalomalacia - Blind Staggers - Mycotoxic Equine Encephalomalacia

A

Mycotoxin found in corn causes liquefacation of cerebral white matter

59
Q

Feeds that are used in the geriatric horse, starved horse and high performance horse?

A

Beet Pulp - high energy, low glycemic index

Oil

60
Q

What percent of fat can be added to the diet of a horse?

A

10%

61
Q

Acid Gut Syndrome in horses

A

Caused by increased concentrations of acid in the large intestine causing altered flora and mucosal damage

62
Q

Special requirements for the orphaned foal

A

Nurse mare

Bucket feeding

10% body weight for first few days building upt to 25% by 10 days age

Feed every 1-2 hours first week

4th week feed four times daily

Creep feed at 2 weeks

Wean at 8-12 weeks

63
Q

Fiber fermentation and energy production occurs in the ________ of the horse

A

Large Intestine

64
Q

Quidding

A

Long strains of grass that are not chewed - volume not digested, lose efficiency

65
Q

Examples of horse specific factors that effect nutritional needs

A

Age, Breed, Body Weight and Condition, Physiological State

66
Q

It is important to evaluate horse diet to determine:

A

Animal Requirement

Feed Intake

Nutrition Content of Common forages and grains

67
Q

Feed management issues seen commonly in horse practice

A

Competition

Vices

Dental Problems

Equine Metabolic Syndrome

68
Q

Seen in rapidly growing large breed horses

“Pushing” the feed to susceptible animals

Angular limb deformities

A

Developmental Orthopedic Disease - DOD

69
Q

Glycemic Index

A

Propensity to raise insulin index

70
Q

What is a typical horse usually fed?

A

Fresh water

Salt block

Good quality grass/pasture

71
Q

What are some problems associated with feeding horses a high concentrate fat diet?

A

Diarrhea

Large intestinal torsion, impaction, colic

Increased starch in hindgut

Decreased pH

Decreased microbial number and activity

72
Q

Why can alfalfa cause a problem in foals?

A

Increased calcium may interfere with other electrolyte absorption

Increased phosphorus may promote osteochondrosis

73
Q

What makes a good quality hay?

A

Not many stems

Leafiness

Green

Smells good

Free from mold or dust

No foreign material

74
Q

Adults < 15 years

Obese with fat deposits

“Easy Keepers” with little feed

Intermittent laminitis

Metabolic dysregulation

High carb diets

A

Equine Metabolic Syndrome

75
Q

Treatment of grain induced laminitis

A

NSAIDs

Sole support

DMSO

Vasodilators

Surgery

Diet - reduce carbs

76
Q

Wood Chewing

A

Just chewing

No air sucking

Destructive

Splinters/ Foreign body

77
Q

Management of dental care in horses by way of what process

A

Floating

78
Q

Dry Matter Intake (Horse) =

A

DMI = (BW + Daily Need) x (DMI %/ 100)

79
Q

What months of gestation are important to consider in the horse?

A

Last 3 months

______________

Greatest fetus growth occurs then

80
Q

Treatment of Canthatidin Toxicosis

A

Supportive care - fluids and NSAIDS

81
Q

Horses should spend how many hours a day grazing?

A

12-18 hours

82
Q

Adult horses with a dry diet should consume how much water per day

A

5L / 100kg BW / Day

83
Q

Complete Feeds

A

Hay and grain component together in pellet can be fed wet as mush

_____________________

Important component to geriatric horse nutrition

84
Q

Rapid fermentation of highly digestible carbohydrates in the hind gut causes gas distention and what “disease”

A

Colic

85
Q

Metabolic dysregulations associated with Equine Metabolic Syndrome

A

Persistant hyperinsulinemia

Insulin resistance

86
Q

Clinical signs of Esphageal Obstruction - “Choke”

A

Acute onset - dysphagia, watery feed tinged nasal discharge, gagging, repeated attempts to swallow, stretching the neck, anxious

87
Q

Mangement of cribbing

A

Cribbing collar

Cribbing mask

Hog rings

88
Q

Clinical signs of Acid Gut Syndrome in horses

A

Colic, distention, diarrhea, shock, laminitis

89
Q

Condition commonly confused with cribbing, 74% of which become cribbers

A

Wind Sucking

90
Q

Vices are typically associated with

A

Boredom

Low roughage diet

Prolonged exposure

Learned behaviors

91
Q

Special nutrient requirements for Racing Horses

A

Slow training 2 days before to allow energy storage

Small grain meal within 5 hours of race

Less fiber near race tim - holds water

92
Q

Considerations when using pasture as main feed for horses:

A

Grass + Legume Pasture

Vegetative state of growth

No more than 8-10 inches

93
Q

Red Clover effects on horses

A

Clover infected with mold has mycotoxin Slaframine which causes excessive salivation

94
Q

Horse maintenance dry matter intake

A

1.5 - 2%

95
Q

Concers associated with cribbing

A

Poor performance

Weight loss

Incisor wear

Flatulent colic

Epiplotic foramen entrapment

Destruction of property

Annoying to owner

96
Q

Special nutrient requirements for starved horses

A

Low carb feeding

Low volume alfalfa hay

Start with few meals then move to more frequent

Free choice hay by 10 days or 2 weeks

RUSVM Animal Nutrition (16 decks)

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