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LAM 2 Final Exam Practice Questions > Swine Neonatal Disease > Flashcards

Swine Neonatal Disease Flashcards

1
Q

65% of piglets lost before weaning are lost

within the first _____ days

A

4 days

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2
Q

Someone should be present at farrowing to

give _______, because sow’s milk is deficient in this.

A

Iron

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3
Q

At birth, piglets should have these clipped

to avoid injury to the sow, which would increase

her risk of mastitis

A

needle teeth

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4
Q

The weight of the piglet at birth is

an indicator of _______

A

survivability

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5
Q

The sow stays in the farrowing crate for

______ weeks, until the babies are weaned.

She will come back into estrus

______ after weaning, which means you can get

2.5 litters/sow/year!

A

The sow stays in the farrowing crate for

3 - 4 weeks, until the babies are weaned.

She will come back into estrus

7 to 10 days after weaning, which means you can get

2.5 litters/sow/year!

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6
Q

These 3 things should be done

to piglets within the first 3 days of birth

A

Ear notching (ID the first or last born)

Tail-docking (prevent tail biting and ascending meningitis/polyarthritis)

Castration (sour meat taste if intact when slaughtered)

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7
Q

There are 2 requirements for baby pigs. What are they?

A

A steady flow of milk from the sow

A warm, dry environment (90F or higher!)

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8
Q

Baby piglets need to be in a warm, dry environment, at a

temperature of 90F or higher.

This is too hot for the sow, which need to be in her farrowing crate

at this temperature.

A

Sow in temp of 70 - 80F

  • Piglets can be comfortable at 90F if floors are heated, or if*
  • there are supplemental heating lamps for them*
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9
Q

Below _____ days of age, piglets cannot maintain

blood glucose, which is why they need a steady stream of milk

A

Below 10 days old

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10
Q

Piglets are prone to hypoglycemia.

Within ___ hours, 75% of liver glycogen is depleted

Within _______ hours, ALL liver glycogen is depleted

A

Within 12 hours, 75% liver glycogen depleted

Within 18 - 24 hours, all liver glycogen is depleted

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11
Q

Hypothermic pigs will try to increase their metabolic rate to compensate,

or shiver (which uses up ______) and huddle together.

This is why hypoglycemia and hypothermia often occur together

A

glycogen

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12
Q

Hypothermic piglets = slow motility of the GIT

which causes changes in their _______

A

GI Flora

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13
Q

In piglets, profound hypoglycemia may cause convulsions.

Convulsions occur with glucose levels less than _______.

Coma occurs with glucose levels less than _________.

A

Convulsions: Glucose less than 50 mg/dL

Coma: Glucose less than 40 mg/dL

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14
Q

What is the treatment for hypoglycemic piglets?

A

Intraperitoneal glucose

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15
Q

To treat hypoglycemic piglets,

a warm solution of glucose is given via this route

A

Intraperitoneal

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16
Q

To treat hypoglycemic piglets,

a warm solution of glucose is given intraperitoneal

at _______ grams/kg.

Do NOT give a concentration greater than ____%

A

1 - 2 grams/kg

No greater than 20% glucose solution!

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17
Q

How is hypothermia and subsequently hypoglycemia

in piglets prevented?

A

Keep environment between 90F - 95F

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18
Q

_______ is the most common problem

in neonatal piglets

A

diarrhea

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19
Q

What are the 5 most common infectious agents

responsible for neonatal diarrhea in piglets?

A

Rotavirus

E.coli

TGE

C. perfringens

Isospora suis (coccidiosis)

Multiple infections are very common!!!

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20
Q

TGE (transmissible gastroenteritis)

is more common in neonates that are ________

A

stressed

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21
Q

Coccidiosis due to Isospora suis

occurs early in the neonatal period,

and can show up as early as _______ days after birth

A

6 - 8 days

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22
Q

What protective mechanisms are in piglets

that prevent neonatal diarrhea?

Only when all mechanisms fail do you see diarrhea

A

Acidity of the stomach

Non-pathogenic bacteria

Ingested immunoglobulins

Ability of the SI to replace lost epithelium

Ability of the colon to absorb excess fluid

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23
Q

How do non-pathogenic bacteria help

prevent diarrhea in neonatal pigs?

A

By competing for attachment sites to block

colonization of pathogens, and by stimulating local

immune responses

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24
Q

What is responsible for stimulating local immune

responses in the gut prior to 5 - 10 days after birth

when IgA and IgM (from ingested colostrum)

take over?

A

Non-pathogenic bacteria

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25
Q

In regards to non-pathogenic bacteria (NPB) and prevention of neonatal diarrhea:

________ is the NPB found in the stomach

A

Lactobacillus

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26
Q

In regards to non-pathogenic bacteria (NPB) and prevention of neonatal diarrhea:

________ is the NPB found in the Small Intestine

A

Streptococci

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27
Q

In regards to non-pathogenic bacteria (NPB) and prevention of neonatal diarrhea:

________ and ________ are the NPB found in the colon

A

E. coli and Clostridium

28
Q

What 3 immunoglobulins are passed down to piglets

through colostrum?

A

IgA, IgM, IgG

  • Piglets need to suckle immediately after birth*
  • because the stomach closes within a few hours*
29
Q

The quality and quantity of colostrum affects immune status of piglets.

Low quality colostrum and subsequently, immunodeficient piglets are more commonly seen

in ______, because they have not been exposed to as many things.

A

gilts

30
Q

Viral enteritis (TGE and Rotavirus)

is spread in the _____ by rodents, cats, dogs, and birds.

A

winter

31
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of

Viral Enteritis (TGE and Rotavirus)

A

Virus replicates in enterocytes→destroys the cells→intestinal lesions.

Damaged epithelium contracts→ less surface area for nutrient absorption (villous atrophy).

Lactose→converted to lactic acid→negative osmotic effect.

Fluid drawn into gut→cannot be absorbed due to damaged epithelium→ DIARRHEA

32
Q

In regards to E.coli as a cause of neonatal diarrhea in piglets:

E. coli attaches to the villous epithelium by ______

A

pili

33
Q

In regards to E.coli as a cause of neonatal diarrhea in piglets:

E.coli colonizes to produced heat labile or heat stabile

____________

A

enterotoxins

34
Q

In regards to E.coli as a cause of neonatal diarrhea in piglets:

Enterotoxins stimulate the mucosal epithelium

to secrete excess ________ fluid,

resulting in diarrhea

A

alkaline

35
Q

In regards to E.coli as a cause of neonatal diarrhea in piglets:

______ is the major enterotoxin that causes issues from

weaning to post-weaning

A

K-88

36
Q

In regards to E.coli as a cause of neonatal diarrhea in piglets:

What are the 3 major enterotoxin types

produced by E. coli which stimulate the mucosa to

produce excess alkaline fluid resulting in diarrhea?

A

K88

K99

987P

37
Q

In regards to E.coli as a cause of neonatal diarrhea in piglets:

This toxin may be produced in addition to enterotoxins

and produce lesions of the gut, resulting in Edema Disease

A

Cytotoxin (Shiga-Like Toxin) = Edema disease

38
Q

In regards to Isospora suis (Coccidiosis) as a cause of neonatal diarrhea in piglets:

Isospora suis replicates in the basement membrane of enterocytes

and is rapidly colonized by bacteria, resulting in a

______ membrane

A

fibrino-necrotic membrane

39
Q
A
40
Q

This causative agent of neonatal diarrhea in piglets

attaches to the surface of small intestine and produces

necrotizing lesions which leads to blood in the feces

A

Clostridium perfringens Type C

41
Q

What is the toxin associated with Clostridium perfringens Type C

that causes necrotizing lesions in the SI and subsequently

hemorrhagic diarrhea?

A

necrotizing BETA-toxin

42
Q

Over _____% of piglets may die from

some type of diarrhea before weaning

A

10%

43
Q

E. coli is responsible for _____% of

diarrha associated piglet deaths before weaning

A

80 - 90%

44
Q

Piglets less than 3 days old

are experiencing bloody diarrhea.

What is your primary ddx?

A

C. perfringens TYPE C

45
Q

You are called out to a farm in December for

piglet losses occurring across several litters in a piggery.

The piglets affected are less than 3 weeks old and are

vomiting undigested milk as well as having

very watery diarrhea.

What is your primary ddx?

A

TGE

46
Q

1 week old piglets present with bloody diarrhea and some have died.

Necropsy on a dead piglet revelas a fibrino-necrotic membrane

in the GIT. When gathering history from the owner,

you realize the sows were not dewormed prior to

entering the farrowing crate.

What is your primary ddx?

A

Isospora suis (Coccidiosis)

47
Q

Several piglets a few days old

are dehydrated, failing to nurse, and dying as a result.

They are suffering from yellow watery/pasty diarrhea

and have wet, straight tails.

Some even have discoloration of their perineal area.

What is your primary ddx?

A

E. coli

48
Q

T/F:

Survivors of E.coli diarrhea as a neonate

may be chronically affected

A

TRUE

49
Q

Piglets less than 3 days old

are experiencing bloody diarrhea which you have attributed to

C. perfringens Type C.

How do you treat these piglets?

A

Give C. Perfringens ANTITOXIN

and treat for dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

caused by the diarrhea

50
Q

In general, how do you treat neonates with diarrhea?

A

Fluids and electrolytes + glucose ORALLY

Antibiotics (to prevent secondary bacT infections)

Warm and dry environment above 90F

51
Q

Which 2 antibiotics are used to treat

neonates with diarrhea?

A

Lincomicin

Spectinomicin

52
Q

In regards to components of colostrum:

This immunoglobulin comprises 30% and

protects internal surgaces from bacterial invaders

A

IgA

53
Q

In regards to components of colostrum:

This immunoglobulin comprises 10% and triggers immune response;

the volume determines whether pathogens cause disease or not

A

IgM

54
Q

In regards to components of colostrum:

This immunoglobulin comprises 60%

and serves as a secondary line of defense

as well as providing whole body protection from septicemia

A

IgG

55
Q

What is the most prevalent immunoglobulin

found in colostrum?

A

IgG (60%)

IgG > IgA > IgM

56
Q

Piglets require ___mL of colostrum within the first

5 to 7 hours of life

A

40 mL of colostrum

57
Q

Piglets need _______ grams of milk

within the first 24 hours of life

A

250 grams of milk

58
Q

Immunoglobulins ingested in colostrum in the first few hours of life

begin to decline rapidly after the first week,

and fall below protective levels by ________

A

fall below protective levels by week 3

Piglets need to develop their own immunity after the first week of life

59
Q

_______ is the most common causative agent of

neonatal polyarthritis in suckling piglets

A

Streptococcus

60
Q

neonatal polyarthritis is most common in

piglets in this age range

A

neonatal polyarthritis: 1 - 3 weeks old

61
Q

This causative agent of neonatal polyarthritis

is most common in suckling pigs.

Aerosol and Vaginal contamination are the main routes of infection

by this agent.

A

Streptococcus equisimilis

62
Q

This causative agent of neonatal polyarthritis

is most common in weaned pigs (4 - 8 weeks old)

and can cause meningitis as well as polyarthritis.

Aerosol transmission is the most common route of infection

of this agent.

A

Streptococcus suis Type 2

63
Q

Since the incidence of neonatal polyarthritis is

_______, prevention is difficult

A

sporadic

64
Q

What is the best way to prevent neonatal polyarthritis

despite the sporadic occurrence?

A

Good management!

Prophylactic antibiotics (neonates)

Autogenous vaccine (sows if organism known)

Good ventilation (prevent aerosol transmission)

Alternatives to gestation crates

65
Q

What is the prophylactic vaccine protocol

for prevention of neonatal polyarthritis?

A

Oxytetracycline IM in the neck

at birth and at 1 week old

LAM 2 Final Exam Practice Questions (9 decks)

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