Swine. Flashcards
What environmental factors can lead to diarrhea in neonatal piglets?
Poor hygiene
Poor water supply
Low temperature for piglets
Draught
What factors related to the sow can cause neonatal piglet diarrhea?
No milk/colostrum production (mastitis agalactia)
First parity
Not enough teats
Non functional mammary glands
Poor diet —> low milk production
Not enough water
What do sows produce in colostrum to enhance the uptakeof intact immunoglobulins in piglets ?
Anti-trypsin factor
What is the pH of the stomach of a piglet?
Close to neutral (7)
Makes them susceptible to enteral infections
Piglet 3days old, presents with creamy diarrhea. One of your DDX is C. Difficile. How would you confirm/rule out this disease?
C. Difficile enterotoxin is confirmed by ELISA
What is the treatment fo r C. Difficile in sows and piglets?
Virginamycin —> sows
Tylosin —> piglets
Orange stained fecal diarrhea is a sign on?
Fecal blood loss
Which has a higher rate of mortality, C.difficile or C.perfringens type C?
C.perfringens
PM on a 5day old piglet .. Multifocal suppurative enteritis
Large gram positive rods
What is this?
Clostridium perfringens type A
Treatment of clostridium perfringens in sows and piglets?
Bacitracin —> sow and piglet
Salinomycin
Post weaning piglet is hypothermic, has watery diarrhea
What would be your top DDX and how would you make a diagnosis?
Top DDX would be E.coli
TGE, clostridial infections, rotavirus, and coccidiosis are usually seen in pre-weaning piglets.
Postweaning multisystemic wasting dz would have more systemic signs
Most other causes of diarrhea cause a mucohemorrhagic diarrhea
Dx: cluture (uniform pop of Ecoli confirms)
PCR for for enterotoxin
What is the treatment for Ecoli in piglets?
Ampicillin Gentamycin Neomycin Furizolidone Potentiated sulphur drugs
What are good ways to prevent E.coli infectious in your pig farms?
Good sanitation
All in all out
Sow vaccination (against pili) twice before farrowing
Neonatal pig with
Anorexia, ataxia, stupor, and recumbency.
What are your top DDX?
Edema dz (top)
Splay leg—> ataxia, would not see the other neuro signs mentioned
Swine influenza —> usually accompanied by fever, prostration, and weakness
Salt poisoning —> can also have recumbency and paddling legs, other neuro signs included, usually have a history of decreased water intake or high salt diet
Strep suis and hemophilus can also cause neurological abnormalites but usually are associated with joint disease.
In what age do you see coccidiosis (isospera suis) in pigs? And when do you see disease?
1-3week old
Nursing
Disease occurs when previously unexposed pigs are placed in highly contaminated environments
Carrier sows can be a source of infection
Piglets 1-3 weeks old are affected with yellow to clear, pasty diarrhea. They are dehydrated, have a rough hair coat, and are failing to gain weight.
DDX:
Coccidiosis (Isospera suis)
Rotavirus (usually is controlled with colostrum exposure)
TGE — high mortality with bright yellow feces
Clostridium difficile and perfringens usually affect piglets that are only a few days old.
Treatment for coccidiosis ?
Toltrazuil
Steam clean/flame clean environment
T/F: rotaviral enteritis is usually non fatal
True
Causes diarrhea and occasional vomiting due to villous atrophy
How can rotaviral infection be diagnosed?
EM or ELISA of feces (early cases )
FAT or IHC of small intestinal epithelium
T/F: transmissible gastroenteritis can affect pigs of any age
True
Most severe in piglets <4weeks old
What clinical signs do you see in TGE?
Vomiting and high mortality in piglets <3weeks old
Bright yellow feces in older pigs
Sows may vomit, be depressed, and refuse to nurse piglets
How can you confirm DX of TGE?
FAT or IHC on intestine
PCR on feces
What are the top two DDX for pigs with septicemia, acute meningitis, polyarthritis, polyserositis, or bronchopneumonia?
Streptococcus suis
Hemophilus parasuis
T/F: strep suis is a zoonotic dz
True
How is strep suis transmitted?
Survives in dust and feces, can be isolated from nasal cavity and palatine tonsils
Nose to nose contact
Wounds
Flies and rodents may play a role
Treatment of streptococcus suis?
Penicillin
Ampicillin
Tiamulin
Ceftiofur
What syndrome of the sow usually occurs within three days of farrowing and is characterized by inadequate milk production
Hypogalactia Or Mastitis, metritis, agalactia (MMA)
Risk factors for hypogalactia ?
Lack of nursing stimulation (too few pigs or too small/weak)
Bacterial metritis
Mastitis
Mammary edema
Errors in ration formulation
Confinement with little opportunity for exercise Constipation Obesity Moldy feeds Poor sanitation in farrowing environment
A piglet has teat necrosis of the front two teats and vulvar swelling. What is the cause?
Endogenous or exogenous estrogen
Makes the skin vulnerable to trauma
Taping teats after birth may prevent
10 week old pig with raised, reddened, ring-shaped lesions on the skin on the ventral abdomen
DX?
Pityriasis rosea
Neonatal pigs with lateral extension of the hindlimbs and inability to adduct the legs
Dx?
Splay leg
What are risk factors for splay leg?
Genetic predisposition Slippery or sloped floors porcine stress syndrome Dietary deficiencies Low birth weights or tremors in piglets
How can you treat splay leg ?
Affected piglets must be helped to nurse and protected from injury
Tying front or back legs together with sticky tape
Selection of breeding stock to reduce incidence
What disease is characterized by absence of areas of skin, usually over the back, loin or thigh?
Epitheliogenesis imperfecta
What other conditions commonly accompany epitheliogenesis imperfecta?
Hydroureter and hydronephrosis
What disease is characterized by enlarged joints, lameness, endocarditis, and rhomboid skin lesions
Erysipelas
T/F: erysipelas is zoonotic
True
Causes skin infection in humans
What is the treatment and control of erysipelas?
Tx: penicillin or antiserum
Control: regular vaccination
Good sanitation
Elimination of carriers with skin and joint lesions
Appropriate quarantine measures for purchased stock
What causes greasy pig disease ?
Staphylococcus hyicus
What are risk factors for greasy pig disease?
Vesicular viral diseases Nutritional deficiency (zinc and vitamins)
Ringworm
Pityriasis rosea
Parasitism (including lice infestation)
Housing inadequacy
Immunological deficiency
Lack of completing bacterial flora Poor hygiene Poor ventilation High humidity Abrasions of the skin from trauma
Pig with brownish spots 1-2cm in diameter, covered by serum and exudate.
Top DDX?
Greasy pig dz (exudative epidermitis)
Treatment and control of greasy pig dz?
Rx: anecdotal recommendations including spraying pigs with 0% bleach, chlorhexidine, virkon or dilute iodine
Control: affected litters or individual pigs should be isolated immediately. Mingling of pigs should be avoided if an outbreak has occurred
What are the DDX for a mucohemorrhagic diarrehea?
Swine dysentery Spirochaetal colitis GI bleeding Whipworm Porcine proliferative enteritis Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia Salmonellosis
What causes swine dysentery?
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
What is the cause of spirochaetal colitis?
Brachyspira pilosicoli
How is swine dysentery transmitted?
Ingested fecal material
Mice shed for 80days
Dogs can shed for 13days
Birds, flies, and fomites
Clincial signs assoicated with swine dysentery?
Mucoid diarrhea (gray to yellow) followed by mucohemorrhagic diarrhea
Tail twitching
Humped gaunt appearance
Dehydration
How can you confirm diagnosis of swine dysentery or spirochaetal colitis?
Clinical signs
Gross PM changes
Culture from rectal swab /colonic scribing
How can SD be eliminated?
Early weaning into a clean site
Extensive medication (tiamulin, carbadox, lincomycin) after culling debilitated animals
Depopulation with thorough cleaning and disinfection during dry and warm months
What species of salmonella affect swine?
S. Cholerasuis
S. Typhimurium
S. Typhisuis
How is salmonellosis transmitted?
Fecal-oral route
Contaminated feed and water and aerosols
Rodents and wild birds are. Believed to be important vectors
How do the clinical signs differ between S.cholerasuis and S.typhimurium infection ?
S.cholerasuis (septicemic salmonellosis) —> acute death in thrifty pigs, inappetence, huddling, depression weakness, fever, red-purple
S.typhimurium (enterocolitic salmonellsosi)—> anorexia, diarrhea (watery, mucous, blood)
How can you confirm salmonellosis disease?
History
Clinical signs
PM lesions
Culture and ID from organ samples — liver, spleen, mesenteric l.n.
Serotyping is available
Treatment of salmonellosis?
Carbadox, gentamycin
Neomycin
Tiamulin
Ceftiofur
What organism causes porcine proliferative enteritis?
Lawsonia intracellularis
What are clinical signs assoicated with porcine proliferative enteritis?
Brownish- black unclothed blood, pallor, weakness
Chronic cases — sporadic diarrhea, wasting, and variation in growth rate
Treatment and control of PPE?
Tylosin, tetracycline, lincomycin, tiamulin, and carbadox
Elimination is difficult
No good screening tests, prevention is by minimizing stressors: transportation, sorting or commingling, vaccination of grower pigs
What are risk factors for actinobacillus pleuropneumonia ?
Overstocking
Inadequate ventilation
Confection with other respiratory pathogens
Unusual stress may facilitate transmission
Swine that survive become carriers
Clinical signs of actinobacillus pleuropneumonia ?
Sudden death is common High temp Apathy, anorexia Stiffness Vomiting and diarrhea Shallow non-productive cough Cyanosis Abortion in sows
How can you diagnose actinobacillus pleuropneumonia ?
Isolation and ID of APP exotoxins by PCR
Serology — ELISA, complement fixation
Treatment and control of actinobacillus pleuropneumonia ?
Tiamulin Tulathromycin Chortetracycline Ceftiofur Tilmucosin Florfenicil Enrofloxacin Procaine pen G
Closed herd Replacements from APP free farms All in all out Avoid overstocking Proper ventilation Vaccination of piglets and sows
What causes atrophic rhinitis?
Bordetella bronchispetica and Pasturella multocidia (type D)
Clinical signs associated with atrophic rhinitis?
Sneezing, snorting and a serous/mucopurulent nasal discharge are early signs
Rhinitis can obstruct tears through infraorbital dust —> “dirty hair” below canthus
Nose bleed
Growth retardation
Secondary bronchitis/pneumonia
Lateral or dorsal deviation of the snout
Toxogenic pasturella multocidia produces ____________ toxin that causes marked turbinate atrophy
Dermonecrotizing
T/F: piglets and sows can be vaccinated from atrophic rhinitis?
True
