Respiratory Flashcards
What is a characteristic stance for cattle with respiratory disease?
Stand motionless
Elbows abducted
Head lowered with neck extended
Open mouth breathing
Common predisposing factors to respiratory disease?
Stress Vaccination Source of infection Biosecurity Lungworm
Poor housing
- ventilation
- overcrowding
- poor quality bedding
- common airspace’s
- mixing animals of different ages
Increased inspiratory effort indicates ?
Upper airway obstruction
Increased expiratory effort indicated??
Lower respiratory disease
What clinical sign do you usually see with tracheal irritation?
Non-productive cough
Expiratory grunting is usually associated with _______ pain
Thoracic
Eg pleuritis and severe pneumonia
Inspiratory AND expiratory grunting are usually assoicated with ________ pain
Cranial abdominal
Eg TPR
What would be your top differential for an animal that is squinting their eyes, holding their head abnormally, and has discharge coming from their head at previous dehorning site?
Sinusitis
When you percuss a sinus with exudate or tissue present, it will have a _________ sound
Dull
EDx of nasal obstructions?
Foreign body, trauma, neoplasia, inflammation
Nasal granuloma caused by fungal agents are rare
Common presentation of nasal obstruction?
Unilateral nasal airflow
Respiratory stridor
Severe dyspnea with open mouth breathing if bilateral obstruction
Where is the obstruction if both nostrils have reduced airflow?
Mass caudal to nasal septum
What type of neoplasms re seen in the nasal cavity?
Squamous cell carcinoma Liposarcoma Lymphosarcoma Chondrosarcoma Osteoma
Wha. can cause a granuloma in the nasal cavity?
Actinoballilosis
Nocardiosis
Most common causes of pharyngeal/retropharyngeal abscess?
Inappropriate use of oral dosing equipment, stomach tubes, or potentially coarse feedstuffs
What bacteria are usually isolated from pharyngeal/retropharyngeal abscesses?
Aracnobacter (trueperella pyogenes) and anaerobic bacteria
Clinical signs of pharyngeal/retropharyngeal abscess?
Head and neck extension Pharyngeal swelling Excessive salivation Increased water, decreased feed Malodorous breath, severe pain on palpation
Methods of diagnosis for pharyngeal abscess?
Oral exam and palpation of the throatlatch
Endoscopy
Radiography
US
Treatment for pharyngeal/retropharyngeal abscesses?
Lancing the abscess — intraorally or vial lateral/ventral cervical approach
Antibiotics — pencillin, ampicillin,oxytetracyclin, florfenicil, or ceftiofur
Pain— Banamine
Laryngeal / pharyngeal dysfunction often occurs secondary to ____________ of the laryngeal cartilages
Chondritis
In recently weaned, can occur secondary from excessive bawling or vocalizing
Was is the causitive agent of calf diphtheria?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
—> necrotic pharyngitis
Cow with hyperemic buccal mucosa
Pustules on the tongue
Sloughing of the ventral mucosal of tongue
PM
Shows edema of the tracheal rings
Dx?
Bovine herpes virus
What are the 3 subtypes of BHV1 and what do they each cause?
BVH 1.1 : respiratory and abortion
BHV 1.2a : genital tract infections (vulvovaginitis)
BHV 1.2b : respiratory dz only
T/F: there is cross protection between the three subtypes of BHV1
True
What is the usual signalment for cows with BHV1
Calves 6 months or older
T/F: BHV1 has high mortality but low morbidity
False
High morbidity (up to 100%)
Low mortality (10%)
How can BHV1 infection be confirmed?
Nasal swabs for virus isolation Immunofluorescence PCR ELISA Histopathology of affected tissue Immunohistochemistry to detect antigen Serum virus neutralizing antibody titers
Clinical signs of BHV1?
Fever Rhinitis Conjunctivitis Inappetence Labored breathing Drop in milk production Hyperemia of the muzzle Pustules and diphtheric plaques, ulceration of nasal mucosa and trachea
T/F: bovine parainfluenza ONLY causes disease of the respiratory tract
Tue
Bovine parainfluenza 3 belongs to what virus family?
Paramyxoviridae
Enveloped virus
What does PI-3 affect?
Epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract —> damage to ciliated cells, mucous layer and mucociliary transport —> bronchitis
Clinical sign of PI-3?
Fever
Depression
Anorexia
Nasal and ocular discharge
Increased respiratory rate with tracheal rales (early)
How can you confirm PI-3 infection AM vs PM?
AM — history and clinical signs, serum virus neutralization antibody titer
PM— mild interstitial pneumonia, intracytoplasmic inclusion in various regions of the nasal mucosa
What type of virus is bovine coronavirus?
Enveloped RNA virus
Viruses associated with bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) ?
Bovine respiratory syndactyl virus
Bovine viral diarrhea virus
PI3
Bovine Coronavirus
Preferred samples for bovine coronavirus isolation?
Nasal swabs
Labs can use.. antigen-capture ELISA Electron microscopy Virus isolation PCR
What virus family does BRSV belong to?
Paramyxovirus — penumovirus
Signalment of cattle affected by BRSV?
Disease of younger cattle, 3-12months
What cells does BRSV infect?
Epithelial cells of nasal mucosa and bronchi
Type II pneumocytes
Alveolar macrophages
Clinical signs for BRSV?
Mild to severe respiratory disease
Fever
+/- cough
Nasal and ocular discharge
Occasionally SQ emphysema from severely labored breathing, as well as pneumothorax
Diagnosis of BRSV?
Viral isolation in cell culture from nasal swabs
PCR
IHC of lung tissue
4x rise in virus neutralizing titers from acute to convalescent sample
How can BRSV be prevented?
Killed and MLV
What family and genus does bovine viral diarrhea virus belong to?
Family flaviviridae, genus pestivirus
Along with classical swine fever and border disease virus of sheep
What are the biotypes of BVDV?
Cytopathic
Noncytopathic
What is the most important reservoir of BVDV?
Persistently infected calves
Result because of infection of cattle between 42 and 125days of gestation
Calves are immunotolerant to virus and are lifelong shedders
Most cases of PI cattle with BVDV have what genotype
Type 1B
How does BVDV cause immunosuppression?
Affects lymphoid organs and reduces Bcells, Tcells and neutrophils
Also affects the innate immune system
What is the mean half life of passively acquired antibodies for BVDV?
23 days
Following exposure to a PI calf, what percent of susceptible (non-vaccinated cattle) will become infected with BVDV under feedlot conditions?
70-100%
What is mucosal disease?
Result of a PI calf (infected with non-cytopathic strain) comes into contact with cytopathological strain (or NCP mutates)
Characterized by severe digestive tract dz with ulcers and erosions throughout the tract, skin lesions, and hoof lesions (interdigital)
Diagnosis of BVDV?
Virus isolation
Antigen detection — immunofluorescence, antigen capture ELISA, immunohistochemistry
Serology/antibody tests— virus neutralization
T/F: a PI calf will be seronegative to the strain of BVD that it acquired during its gestational life
True
Can become seropositive if infected with a heterologous BVDV or vaccine
How can BVDV be prevented?
Biosecurity
All new cattle should be tested neg (IHC or ACE) for BVDV
If female, they should remain isolated until they calve with calves tested for BVDV.
Appropriate receiving protocols, vaccination and early detection is critical
PIs isolated, euthanize or fed to market weight
