Swine 2 Flashcards
What are the two differentials for a pig with meningioencephalitis, polyserositis, and polyarthritis as a contributor to bacterial pneumonia?
Hemophilus parasuis (glassers dz) Streptococcus suis
What are risk factors for Glasser’s disease?
Stressful events like weaning, changes in environment, compiling, or confection
T/F: Haemophilus parasuis ca be isolated from the nasal cavity of healthy pigs
True
H. Parasuis is widely distributed in the swine population and usually causes no disease
Clincial signs of Glasser’s disease?
Sudden onset in best conditioned pigs
CNS: fever, anorexia, depression, tremors, incoordiantion, paresis/recumbency
Joints: swollen leg joints, arthritis
Septicemia or myositis
Rhinitis, dyspnea, reddening of conjuntiva
Cyanosis for extremities and edema
Treatment and control of Glasser’s dz?
Sensitive to many antibiotics and sulfonamides
Sound husbandry
Control of primary dz
Prophylactic antimicrobials
Vaccination
Acclimatization and vaccination of breeding stock
Minimize stress during weaning and nursing
DDx for chronic respiratory disease characterized by coughing, growth retardation and reduced feed efficiency?
Mycoplasma hypopneumonia
R/O :
Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia —> usually more acute deathy
Porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome —> acute disease with resp distress, vomiting, anorexia, fever
Post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome —> concurrent GI signs and systemic dz
Strep suis and hemophilus —> concurrent joint and neuro dz
Atopic rhinitis —> causes upper resp disease
Treatment for enzootic pneumonia AKA mycoplasmal pneumonia?
Licomycin Tiamulin Tetracycline Tylosin Tilmucosin Tulathromycin Enrofloxacin
Proper biosecurity and depopulation/repop
All in all out
Vaccination
Early weaning
What are the pathogenic mycoplasma of swine and what diseases do they cause ?
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae = Enzootic pneumonia
Mycoplasma hyosynoviae = epidemic synovitis
Mycoplasma hyorhinis = fibrinous polyserositis
What disease in pig is characterized by sudden onset of fever, occulonasal discharge, paroxysmal cough, prostration and weakness?
Swine influenza
What is the most common subtype of swine influenza in the USA?
H1N1
Treatment and control of swine influenza?
Antimicrobials for secondary bacterial infections
Vaccination, maintaining closed herd, access to fresh feed and water
All in all out
What is osteochrondrosis ?
Disease of growing cartilage that often occurs in rapidly growing pigs approaching market weight or breeding age
What are common sites of lesions for osteochrondrosis ?
Medial femoral condyle Humeral condyle Humeral head Glenoid of scapula Distal ulna Lumbar vertebrae
What is the cause of dyschondroplasia in pigs?
Rapid growth and early, excessive weight-bearing pressure on cartilage
Genetics assoicated
What are risk factors for dyschondroplasia ?
Nutritional deficiency
Flooring and housing that induce trauma
Infection with mycoplasma hyosynoviae
Several pigs of various ages are presenting with neurological signs such a blindness, deafness, and head pressing.
Some are dog sitting or have spasms with paddling of the legs.
What are your top DDX?
Salt poisoning
Edema disease —> usually associated with recently weaned pigs
On biopsy, what pathoneuomic lesions indicate salt poisoning?
Meningeal and cerebral perivascular cuffing by eosinophils in brain
Treatment of salt poisoning?
Slow re-introduction to water (small amounts at frequent intervals)
Pigs showing clinical signs usually die regardless of treatment
Etiology of gastric ulcers in pigs?
Finely ground feed Pelleted rations Nutrient rich low fiber diets Stress Ad lib whey or skimmed milk Summer hotter months (inconsistent feeding)
Treatment and control of gastric ulcers in pigs?
Vitamin K and hematocrit
Fibrous feed
Control risk factors
What is the sp of whipworm found in pigs?
Trichuris suis
What two diseases can cause inflammatory nodules, in mucosa of the large intestine?
Swine dysentery
Whipworm (trichuris suis)
- often have parasites protruding from mucosa
These diseases can occur concurrently
How do you diagnose an early case of whipworm?
Histopath or mucosal scrapings
Eggs are not apparent until 8weeks post infection
Porcine circovirus type 2 causes what disease?
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome
Clinical signs assoicated with PMWS?
Loss of body condition
Unthriftiness and rough hair coat
Enlarged lymph nodes
Polypnea/dyspnea
Pallor
Diarrhea
Death
reproductive failure —> abortion/stillbirth/mummification
What microscopic features on biopsy indicate PMWS?
Lymphocytic depletion in lymph nodes
Often accompanied by histiocytic infiltration
What is the treatment for PMWS?
No treatment
Anti-inflammatories or antimicrobials
What is the most economically significant disease to affect US swine production since eradication of classical swine fever?
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
How is porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome transmitted?
Persists in environment for a long time
Carrier pigs — present in nasal secretions, urine, semen, mammary secretions and feces
Virus is highly infectious but not highly contagious
Flies can be mechanical vector
Clinical signs associated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome ?
Breeding age sows and boars — anorexia, fever, lethargy, depression, resp distress, cyanosis of ears, late term abortion, stillborn or weak piglets
Young/growing finishing pigs — fever, depression, lethargy, stunting, sneezing, expiratory dyspnea, increased post-weaning mortality
How is porcine reproductive and respiratory virus controlled?
Vaccination
Replacement of breeding stock
Depopulation
Hard to control due to large virus variation
What is the wildlife reservoir of foot and mouth dz?
Buffalo
What sp can be affected by FMD?
Cloven-hoofed animals
Cattle, pig, sheep, goat, deer
T/F: pigs are carriers of FMD
False
Pigs are amplifier hosts
Cattle, sheep, and goat are carriers of FMD
Clinical signs of FMD in pigs
Hoof lesions
— very painful
—coronary band, heel, interdigital space
Lameness
Snout vesicles
Oral vesicles
What are the vesicular diseases of swine?
FMD (picornaviridae—aphthovirus)
Vesicular stomatitis (Rhabdoviridae)
Swine vesicular disease (Picornaviridae — enterovirus)
Vesicular exanthema of swine (calicivirus)
All produce a fever with vesicles that progress to erosions in the mouth, nares, muzzle, teat and feet
What two diseases cause high fever, loss of appetite, weakness, skin hemorrhages, and cyanosis, and can is often acutely fatal?
Classical swine fever
African swine fever
T/F: there is a vaccination for classical swine fever and African swine fever
False
Only for classical swine fever — single vax, lifetime immunity
African swine fever has too many strains and offer no cross protection. Also KV vaccines can enhance disease
What is the reservoir sp for African swine fever?
Warthog
T/F: Porcine epidemic diarrhea and transmissible gastroenteritis are both caused by coronavirus and therefore are clinically similar diseases and offer cross protection.
False
Does not offer cross protection but the rest is true
How id porcine epidemic diarrhea diagnosed?
Clinical signs History ELISA Electron microscopic exam of fecal material PCR Examination of dead pigs
Treatment for porcine epidemic diarrhea
Supportive therapy
Clean, dry, draft free environment
High quality drinking water
Electrolyte supplementation
Antimicrobials for secondary infection
A deficiency isn _________birth of weak or dead pigs that are largely devoid of hair and have mucinous edema
Iodine
How can iodine deficiency be avoided in swine?
Using iodized salt in ration of gestating sows
Why are piglets susceptible to iron deficiency anemia and how can you prevent it?
Very little iron reserve
Colostrum and milk provided very little iron
Pigs in confinement lack access to soil or feces containing iron
Prevent by supplental iron per os or injection of iron dextran (neck muscles)
Parakeratosis is associated with a deficiency or excessive consumption of what nutrient?
Zinc
DDX for parakeratosis ?
Zinc deficiency
Sarcoptic mange
Greasy pig dz
Rickets and osteoporosis is caused by?
Lack of Ca
Rickets(dz of growing pigs) — usually dietary deficiency of vit D or phos
Osteoporosis (dz in adult) — lactating sows mobilize minerals for production
What are risk factors for Vit E / selenium deficiency?
Feeds high in concentration of PUFA, Copper , Vit A, or Mycotoxins —> destroy vit E or make it less bioavailable
Grains from deficiency solids
Deficiency in vitE/selenium causes what 3 syndromes ?
Mulberry heart disease — sudden death in pigs a few weeks to four months of age
Hepatosis dieticia— usually results in sudden death
White muscle disease — usually more common in lambs, calves, and chickens
In your pig farm, you have an the following signs present in your herd.. reduced feed intake and decreased growth
Sudden deaths
Hemorrhage in various tissues
Icterus
The diet contains mostly corn, soybean meal, and wheat cereal grains
What is your dx based on this history?
Aflatoxins
These fungi can grow in peanuts, corn, wheat and several other cereal grains
Ergotism is usually caused in what type of feeds?
Grasses
Cereal grains eg rye, oats and wheat
Clinical signs associated with ergotism?
Ischemic necrosis and gangrenous sloughing of extremities (tails and hoofs)
Abortions, decrease birth weights, inhibit mammary production
What toxin can cause crusting anc ulceration of the skin of the snout, lips, and buccal commissures, and prepuce.
T2 rosin of fusmosin
What toxin causes vomiting but is rare to see swine inject enough to produced this as the only clinical sign
Deoxynivalenol
What toxin is present in moldy corn, standing corn, and other grains which will have an estrogenic effect resulting in vulovaginitis and over development of mammae in gilts
Zeralenone
T/F: zearalenone can be passed through the sows milk to piglets
True
—> can cause teat necrosis and enlargment of external genitalia and uterus
Males -> reduced libido, and decreased testicular size and preputial enlargement in young boars
