Bovine GI Flashcards
How much IgG is required for good passive immunity from colostrum?/
150-200g
Low colostrum intake can be caused by?
Natural suckling — Holstein claves average 2.4 liters
Poor mothering behaviour
Udder and teat conformation
Eg pendulous udder, big or non-functional teats
Fetal — maternal disproportion
Neonatal acidosis and weak sucking drive
What can lead to poor quality colostrum?
Delay in milking Colostrum leakage prior to calving Dry periods less than 20days Induction of parturition 1st and 2nd lactation Large volume first milking colostrum (DILUTION) Breed — Holsteins have low quality Pooling, dilutes immunoglobulins, spread of disease
What factors predispose to failure of passive transfer?
Unobserved calving
Fresh cows are milked >6hours after calving
Less than 4 quarts of first milk colostrum or less than 1 pkg colostrum replacer within first 4 hours of birth
More than a 2 hour lapse between colostrum milking and either feeding or refrigeration of colostrum
Excessive bacterial contamianation
Pooled colostrum
What is the amount of colostrum required?
100g of IgG (need to give 150-200g due to 1/2 absorption rate)
4 liters (10% BWt) by 2 hours post calving by tube/bottle
What is the shelf life of colostrum depending on storage temperature?
Room temp — 1 day
Refrigerated — 1 week
Frozen (-20C) — indefinitely
Blood based ( or plasma) products can be fed to calves for localized gut support post passive transfer for the first _______ weeks of life
2-3
What pathogens can be responsible for neonatal diarrhea?
Ecoli K99 Ecoli verotoxigenic Rotavirus Coronavirus Cryptosporidium Clostridium perfringens type C Salmonellosis
Pathogenesis of Ecoli K99?
Enterotoxogenic EColi K99 fimbriae adherence on enterocyte
Heat stable enterotoxemia
Increase cyclic AMP and GMMO
—active secretion of Na, Cl
—secretion contains high NaHCO3
Risk factors for Ecoli?
Physiologic “high pH” in abomasum (acid sterilizer) first 24-48hrs
Unhygienic conditions
Inadequate colostrum protections
Stress — overcrowding
Clinical signs associated with ETEC infection
Diarrhea Dehydration; hypovolemic shock Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Weakness Secretory diarrhea
What is the gold standard for assessment of passive transfer?
RIA
Na-sulfite precipitation test — precipitation in all dilutions required
serum GGT less than 50 IG/L indicates failure
Total protein — commonly done in farm setting but acute phase proteins and dehydration affects the reading
Treatment of ETEC?
Heat
IV fluids — alkalinizing fluid
Isotonic bicarb if blood pH <7.2
Bicarb depending on deficit 1-3mEq (>7.2)
Glucose to final 2.5%
Oral electrolytes first 12-24 hours followed by:
—milk 4-6 times per day at 10-20% BWt
— antibiotics is septicemic
—NSAID will decrease secretion in GI tract
Caffeine 200mg once a day
Colostrum of lower quality (local protection)
How do you calculate the deficit of bicarb?
Base deficit - 240.4BW = meq deficit
How can you prevent ETEC?
Coliform mastitis vaccine
Ecoli bacterin (calf scours)
K99 antibody at birth
Rotation/corona/c.perfrignes/Ecoli vax to pregnant cow to increase AB in colostrum
Hygiene
Management
High quality and quantity colostrum
How is rotavirus spread?
Fecal oral
Carrier animals (30% in normal asymptomatic calves)
What does rotavirus cause?
Damage to vili
Maldigestion/malabsorption
Bloody or mucoid diarrhea
Diagnosis of rotavirus?
EM
Latex agglutination
Treatment and prevention of rotavirus ?
Same as ETEC
Vaccinate cow
Separate hutches
Hygiene
Prolonged colostrum feeding
Enterohemorrhagic Ecoli pathogen produces ____ toxin
Shiga
T/F: EHEC is pathogenic to humans
True
Causes post diarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome
How is EHEC transmitted?
Food and water sources
Ground meat
Unpasteurized milk
Fruits
Veg
Which age group does coronavirus usually affect?
Older calves
Disease caused by coronavirus?
Chronic malabsorption and progressive emaciation
Plays a role in the BRD complex
Plays a role in the BRD complex
Winter dysentery
Diarrhea in piglets
Snots in camelids
T/F: cryptosporidium is zoonotic
True
What age of cattle does cryptosporidium affect?
Day 5 of age
Diarrhea lasting for 6-10days (no incubation period)
Diagnosis for cryptosporidium ?
Fecal float
Acid fast
Treatment/ prevention for cryptosporidium?
Supportive rx
Resistant. Kill 10% formalin or 2-5% formalin
Adequate colostrum and hygiene
What type of bacteria is Clostridium perfringens?
Gram positive
Rod
Anaerobic
Spore forming
Clostridum perfringens infection is AKA?
Overeating dz (cattle) Pulpy kidney dz (sheep)
Predisposing causes to overeating dz?
Ubiquitous in environment so most calves are exposed
Larger than normal CHO and protein in feed -> supports germination of spores
Reduced intestinal motility
What type of clostridum perfringens produces the most alpha toxin
Type A
What does clostridium perfringens type A cause?
Abomasitis, abomasal tympany, and hemorrhagic enteritis in young calves
Acute death syndrome in feedlot assoicated with rumen acidosis
Hemorrhagic bowel (jejunal hemorrhangic) syndrome
Toxoid to cow or antitoxin to calf
What type of clostridum produces mostly Beta toxin
Type B and C
What disease does clostridum perfringens type B and C cause in calves
Hemorrhagic enterocolitis in calves <2weeks old
What type of colostridium perfringens mainly produces epsilon toxin?
Type D
Cleaved by trypsin into active form
3rd most lethal clostridial toxin after Botulism and Tetanus
Causes enterotoxemia (pulpy kidney) in sheep Hemorrhagic enterocolitis and enterotoxemia in calves 1-4months old
Prevention and control of clostridium perfringens
Pre- calving and annual vaccination
Colostrum
AVOIDING overfeeding milk/CHO/protein
Dietary changes — decrease intestinal motility
Hygiene
Predisposing factors for salmonellosis?
Stress related
Calving Transport Castration Dehorning Heat Weaning Nutritional
What strain of salmonella is host adapted to cattle and develops a carrier state?
S Dublin
Pathogenesis of salmonellosis?
Oral infection, invades through intestinal wall, mesenteric lymph nodes —> gall bladder and spleen
Severe enteritis (blood, mucus, fibrin casts)
Endotoxemia, septicemia
High mortality rate (S Dublin)
Chronic enteritis and abortion in adults
Diagnosis of salmonella ?
Golden yellow feces
Necropsy and culture (gallbladder and feces)
Repeated fecal cultures may be necessary
Treatment for salmonellosis?
Supportive
Antibiotics — risk carrier state and drug resistant
Flunixin meguline
What causes winter dysentery?
Corona virus
Causitive agent of Jonhes disease?
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
What pathology do you see with Johnes disease?
Granulomatous enteritis —thickened, corrugated mucsoa
Malabsorption
Protein losing enteropathy
Gold standard for diagnosis of Johnes disease ?
Fecal culture — but takes up to 16weeks
What are the other diagnostics that can be done to confirm Johnes disease?
Serology — AIGD and ELISA
Surgical biopsy
PCR on tissues
How is Johnes dz treated/controlled
No treatment
Remove all positives from herd
Retest every 6 months
