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RUSVM LAM II > Bovine GI > Flashcards

Bovine GI Flashcards

1
Q

How much IgG is required for good passive immunity from colostrum?/

A

150-200g

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2
Q

Low colostrum intake can be caused by?

A

Natural suckling — Holstein claves average 2.4 liters

Poor mothering behaviour

Udder and teat conformation
Eg pendulous udder, big or non-functional teats

Fetal — maternal disproportion
Neonatal acidosis and weak sucking drive

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3
Q

What can lead to poor quality colostrum?

A 
Delay in milking 
Colostrum leakage prior to calving 
Dry periods less than 20days 
Induction of parturition 
1st and 2nd lactation 
Large volume first milking colostrum (DILUTION) 
Breed — Holsteins have low quality 
Pooling, dilutes immunoglobulins, spread of disease
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4
Q

What factors predispose to failure of passive transfer?

A

Unobserved calving

Fresh cows are milked >6hours after calving

Less than 4 quarts of first milk colostrum or less than 1 pkg colostrum replacer within first 4 hours of birth

More than a 2 hour lapse between colostrum milking and either feeding or refrigeration of colostrum

Excessive bacterial contamianation

Pooled colostrum

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5
Q

What is the amount of colostrum required?

A

100g of IgG (need to give 150-200g due to 1/2 absorption rate)

4 liters (10% BWt) by 2 hours post calving by tube/bottle

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6
Q

What is the shelf life of colostrum depending on storage temperature?

A

Room temp — 1 day

Refrigerated — 1 week

Frozen (-20C) — indefinitely

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7
Q

Blood based ( or plasma) products can be fed to calves for localized gut support post passive transfer for the first _______ weeks of life

A

2-3

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8
Q

What pathogens can be responsible for neonatal diarrhea?

A 
Ecoli K99 
Ecoli verotoxigenic
Rotavirus 
Coronavirus 
Cryptosporidium 
Clostridium perfringens type C 
Salmonellosis
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9
Q

Pathogenesis of Ecoli K99?

A

Enterotoxogenic EColi K99 fimbriae adherence on enterocyte

Heat stable enterotoxemia

Increase cyclic AMP and GMMO
—active secretion of Na, Cl
—secretion contains high NaHCO3

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10
Q

Risk factors for Ecoli?

A

Physiologic “high pH” in abomasum (acid sterilizer) first 24-48hrs

Unhygienic conditions

Inadequate colostrum protections

Stress — overcrowding

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11
Q

Clinical signs associated with ETEC infection

A 
Diarrhea 
Dehydration; hypovolemic shock 
Hypothermia 
Hypoglycemia 
Weakness 
Secretory diarrhea
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12
Q

What is the gold standard for assessment of passive transfer?

A

RIA

Na-sulfite precipitation test — precipitation in all dilutions required
serum GGT less than 50 IG/L indicates failure
Total protein — commonly done in farm setting but acute phase proteins and dehydration affects the reading

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13
Q

Treatment of ETEC?

A

Heat

IV fluids — alkalinizing fluid
Isotonic bicarb if blood pH <7.2
Bicarb depending on deficit 1-3mEq (>7.2)

Glucose to final 2.5%

Oral electrolytes first 12-24 hours followed by:
—milk 4-6 times per day at 10-20% BWt
— antibiotics is septicemic
—NSAID will decrease secretion in GI tract

Caffeine 200mg once a day
Colostrum of lower quality (local protection)

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14
Q

How do you calculate the deficit of bicarb?

A

Base deficit - 240.4BW = meq deficit

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15
Q

How can you prevent ETEC?

A

Coliform mastitis vaccine
Ecoli bacterin (calf scours)
K99 antibody at birth
Rotation/corona/c.perfrignes/Ecoli vax to pregnant cow to increase AB in colostrum

Hygiene
Management
High quality and quantity colostrum

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16
Q

How is rotavirus spread?

A

Fecal oral

Carrier animals (30% in normal asymptomatic calves)

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17
Q

What does rotavirus cause?

A

Damage to vili
Maldigestion/malabsorption

Bloody or mucoid diarrhea

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18
Q

Diagnosis of rotavirus?

A

EM

Latex agglutination

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19
Q

Treatment and prevention of rotavirus ?

A

Same as ETEC

Vaccinate cow
Separate hutches
Hygiene

Prolonged colostrum feeding

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20
Q

Enterohemorrhagic Ecoli pathogen produces ____ toxin

A

Shiga

21
Q

T/F: EHEC is pathogenic to humans

A

True

Causes post diarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome

22
Q

How is EHEC transmitted?

A

Food and water sources

Ground meat
Unpasteurized milk
Fruits
Veg

23
Q

Which age group does coronavirus usually affect?

A

Older calves

24
Q

Disease caused by coronavirus?

A

Chronic malabsorption and progressive emaciation

Plays a role in the BRD complex

Plays a role in the BRD complex
Winter dysentery
Diarrhea in piglets
Snots in camelids

25
Q

T/F: cryptosporidium is zoonotic

A

True

26
Q

What age of cattle does cryptosporidium affect?

A

Day 5 of age

Diarrhea lasting for 6-10days (no incubation period)

27
Q

Diagnosis for cryptosporidium ?

A

Fecal float

Acid fast

28
Q

Treatment/ prevention for cryptosporidium?

A

Supportive rx

Resistant. Kill 10% formalin or 2-5% formalin
Adequate colostrum and hygiene

29
Q

What type of bacteria is Clostridium perfringens?

A

Gram positive
Rod
Anaerobic
Spore forming

30
Q

Clostridum perfringens infection is AKA?

A 
Overeating dz (cattle) 
Pulpy kidney dz (sheep)
31
Q

Predisposing causes to overeating dz?

A

Ubiquitous in environment so most calves are exposed

Larger than normal CHO and protein in feed -> supports germination of spores

Reduced intestinal motility

32
Q

What type of clostridum perfringens produces the most alpha toxin

A

Type A

33
Q

What does clostridium perfringens type A cause?

A

Abomasitis, abomasal tympany, and hemorrhagic enteritis in young calves

Acute death syndrome in feedlot assoicated with rumen acidosis

Hemorrhagic bowel (jejunal hemorrhangic) syndrome

Toxoid to cow or antitoxin to calf

34
Q

What type of clostridum produces mostly Beta toxin

A

Type B and C

35
Q

What disease does clostridum perfringens type B and C cause in calves

A

Hemorrhagic enterocolitis in calves <2weeks old

36
Q

What type of colostridium perfringens mainly produces epsilon toxin?

A

Type D

Cleaved by trypsin into active form
3rd most lethal clostridial toxin after Botulism and Tetanus

Causes enterotoxemia (pulpy kidney) in sheep 
Hemorrhagic enterocolitis and enterotoxemia in calves 1-4months old
37
Q

Prevention and control of clostridium perfringens

A

Pre- calving and annual vaccination

Colostrum
AVOIDING overfeeding milk/CHO/protein

Dietary changes — decrease intestinal motility

Hygiene

38
Q

Predisposing factors for salmonellosis?

A

Stress related

Calving 
Transport 
Castration 
Dehorning 
Heat 
Weaning 
Nutritional
39
Q

What strain of salmonella is host adapted to cattle and develops a carrier state?

A

S Dublin

40
Q

Pathogenesis of salmonellosis?

A

Oral infection, invades through intestinal wall, mesenteric lymph nodes —> gall bladder and spleen

Severe enteritis (blood, mucus, fibrin casts)

Endotoxemia, septicemia

High mortality rate (S Dublin)

Chronic enteritis and abortion in adults

41
Q

Diagnosis of salmonella ?

A

Golden yellow feces

Necropsy and culture (gallbladder and feces)

Repeated fecal cultures may be necessary

42
Q

Treatment for salmonellosis?

A

Supportive
Antibiotics — risk carrier state and drug resistant

Flunixin meguline

43
Q

What causes winter dysentery?

A

Corona virus

44
Q

Causitive agent of Jonhes disease?

A

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

45
Q

What pathology do you see with Johnes disease?

A

Granulomatous enteritis —thickened, corrugated mucsoa
Malabsorption
Protein losing enteropathy

46
Q

Gold standard for diagnosis of Johnes disease ?

A

Fecal culture — but takes up to 16weeks

47
Q

What are the other diagnostics that can be done to confirm Johnes disease?

A

Serology — AIGD and ELISA

Surgical biopsy

PCR on tissues

48
Q

How is Johnes dz treated/controlled

A

No treatment

Remove all positives from herd
Retest every 6 months

RUSVM LAM II (22 decks)

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