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RUSVM LAM II > Ruminant Anatomy And Physio + Ruminal disorders > Flashcards

Ruminant Anatomy And Physio + Ruminal disorders Flashcards

1
Q

How does the anatomy of the stomach differ between newborn and adult cows?

A

Newborn — large abomasum for milk digestion

Adult — rumen is large and occupies entire left side; liver is pushed cranially

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2
Q

In calves, the ______________ groove allows milk to bypass the rumen into the abomasum

A

Oesophageal groove

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3
Q

How can we assess the bacterial population in the rumen?

A

Microscopically - protozoa population

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4
Q

When doing an external ruminal palpation, what are the normal layers you can feel?

A

Free gas
Fibrous mat
Fluid

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5
Q

What occurs during the primary mixing cycle of the rumen?

A

Contraction of the dorsal and ventral sacs moving contents caudally
Contraction of the caudal sacs moving material cranially

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6
Q

What are causes of atony in the rumen?

A

Absence of excitatory input or increased inhibitory input signal to hypothalamus

Direct depression of gastric center

Failure of vagal or motor pathways (lesions or hypocalcemia)

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7
Q

What are causes of hypomotility of the rumen?

A

Reduced excitatory drive to the gastric center

Increased inhibition

Weakness of motor pathways (hypocalcemia/hypokalemia)

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8
Q

What is the normal number of rumen contractions you should auscultation?

A

1-2 rumen contractions / min

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9
Q

What is the secondary cycle of recticuloruminal motility?

A

Gas layer sits dorsal in rumen. As gas expands, it extends down to cardia causing eructation

Cardia remains closed when in contact with fluid or foam

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10
Q

What are you looking at when examining feces?

A 
Amount 
Colour 
Odor 
Consistency 
Degree of digestion
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11
Q

You take a ruminal fluid sample and it appears watery. What does this indicate?

A

Anorexia

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12
Q

You take a ruminal fluid sample and it appears very frothy. What would this indicated?

A

Bloat or vagus indigestion

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13
Q

From ruminocentesis, the fluid smells acidic. What does this indicate?

A

Lactic acidosis

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14
Q

You take a ruminal fluid sample and it smells rotten, what does this indicate?

A

Rumen putrefaction

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15
Q

What is the normal colour of rumen fluid?

A

Olive-brownish green — hay

Yellowish brown — grain or sialate

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16
Q

What is the colour of ruminal fluid in a cow with lactic acidosis ?

A

Milky gray/brown

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17
Q

Black/green coloured rumen fluid indicates?

A

Rumen stasis

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18
Q

What is the normal pH of the rumen (beef vs dairy)?

A

Beef (grass fed): 6-7

Dairy (TMR): 5.5 - 6

Best measured 2-4hrs after feeding concentrate or 4-8hrs after TMR

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19
Q

What test measures anaerobic fermentation of ruminal fluid?

A

Methylene blue reduction test

10ml of rumen fluid to 0.5ml of 0.03% solution
Normal clearance is 2-6mins
Abnormal >10mins

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20
Q

What procedure is indicated if the methylene blue reduction test is >10mins for clearance?

A

Transfaunation

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21
Q

What is normal level of rumen chloride? What does an elevated level indicate?

A

30mEq/L

Abomasal disease
Abomasal reflux
Obstruction of intestinal flow

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22
Q

What test can you do to determine microflora activity?

A

Glucose fermentation test

Normal microflora = 1-2ml gas/hr
Inactive flora = little or no gas production

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23
Q

What type of bloat is caused by esophageal or ruminal motility dysfunction?

A

Free gas bloat

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24
Q

What type of bloat is caused by high risk feeds like alfalfa or sweet clover?

A

Frothy bloat

25
Clinical signs of bloat?
Asymmetric abdominal distention, most pronounced in left paralumbar fossa Abdominal discomfort —> kicking or rolling Increased HR and RR Acute: death in 30mins - 4hrs
26
Asymmetric abdominal distention, most pronounced in left paralumbar fossa Abdominal discomfort —> kicking or rolling Increased HR and RR DDX?
``` Bloat Ruptured bladder Hydroallantosis LDA Abomasal volvulus Mesenteric volvulus ```
27
Treatment for free gas bloat?
Emergency : trocharization Stomach tube Chronic: temporary rumenotomy, find underlying pattern
28
Treatment for frothy bloat?
Emergency: trocharization ``` Polaxalene Vegetable oil Dactyl sodium sulfosuccinate Manage diet Ionophores ```
29
What causes primary (acute) rumen indigestion?
Abrupt dietary change that results in self-limited but rapid decline of rumen fermentation
30
What are causes of a secondary (chronic) rumen indigestion?
Result of other disease (endotoxemic infection, abomasal disease, metabolic disease)
31
Clinical signs of chronic rumen indigestion?
Rumination absent Rumen under filled Fecal production depressed +/- diarrhea
32
What is the treatment for rumen indigestion?
``` Mild - self correcting Rumen transfaunation - from cow adapted to expected ration -min 3L, 8-16L is best - repeat for 2-3days ``` Increase rumen fill - 20-30L of fluid, +/- sodium, potassium, propylene glycol, niacin, alfalfa pellets
33
What are causes of subacute rumen acidosis?
Not enough fiber Component or slug feeding Selective feeding
34
Subacute rumen acidosis is a risk factor for what diseases?
Rumenitis Liver abscess Laminitis Posterior vena cava thrombosis Acute death syndrome/hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (C. Perfringens) Mycotic rumenitis Abomasal ulceration and displacement Cerebral-cortical necrosis - thiaminase producing bacteria
35
What is fat cow syndrome?
Proprionic acid surge caused by increase in lactic acid fermenters Eg during feedlot “rounding off” phase OR dairy cows with prolonged lactation
36
What are your top differentials for a cow with chronic weight loss and hypoalbuminemia ?
Rumenitis | Johnes disease
37
Treatment for mild cases of rumentitis?
Feed antibiotics as prophylactic Prevent further access to grain Hay and water only Antacid orally: MgOxide 1g/kg
38
How does rumenitis predispose to liver abscess?
Facilitate penetration of bacteria —> T. Pyogenes and F. Necrophorum into portal system —>liver abscess
39
What bacteria are associated with acute death syndrome/ hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?
C. Perfringens enterocolitis
40
What bacteria are associated with cerebral-cortical necrosis?
Thiaminase producing bacteria —> breakdown thiamine C. Sporogenes B. Thiaminolyticus
41
What is the cause of lactic acidosis ?
Grain overload | Increased production of lactic acid
42
Lactic acidosis is present when pH of the rumen is ________
<5.5
43
History commonly associated with lactic acidosis?
``` Feedlot and dairy cattle Fermentable feed (wheat, barely, corn) Usually relates to a single episode of feed intake (engorement) ```
44
What is the pathogenesis of rumen lactic acidosis?
Celluolytic and amylolytic Bacteria —> decrease pH —> proliferation of strep bovis and lactobacillus —> produce D and L lactic acid D lactic acid cannot be metabolized
45
What are consequences of lactic acid accumulation?
Metabolic acidosis —> ataxia, depression, and severe nephrosis Raises osmolarity and fluid sequestration in rumen —> dehydration, hypovolemia and circulatory collapse Chemical rumenitits —> sloughing of mucosa and bacterial invasion Gram negative bacteria die off —> endotoxemia (contribute to circulatory collapse)
46
How can a subacute/acute rumenitis be diagnosed?
Low pH Milky-gray fluid No protozoa methylene blue reduction test > 5mins
47
Treatment for moderate to severe rumenitis?
``` Euthanasia /slaughter Intensive supportive care and surgery —IV fluids (polyionic fluid 10% bw) —sodium bicarb (1-3meq/kg) —NSAID —antibiotic: penicillin —Vit B1 and B12 —calcium —rumenotomy and rumen lavage (kingman tube) ```
48
How is rumenitis avoided?
Avoid sudden ration changes Don’t slug feed Avoid finely ground and soluble starches Supply enough effective fiber
49
How can you detect feed sorting in your cattle?
Detectable in variation in manure consistency between individuals receiving the same ration.
50
Clincial signs of traumatic reticulopericarditis?
jugular pulse Washing machine murmur Abduction of the elbows Brisket edema
51
How can you diagnose traumatic reticulopericardidtis?
``` History and PE Increased fibrinogen (acute) Increased globulin (chronic) +/- neutrophilic Mild metabolic alkalosis Cl in rumen ``` Abdominocentesis Reticulogrpahy Ultrasound Exploratory laparotomy
52
How does an abdominocentesis appear in a cow with TRP?
Increased WBC — PMN (>6000 nucleated cells/uL) Increased protein (>3g/dL) A dry/normal tap is inconclusive
53
Treatment for TRP?
``` Magnet PPG 5+ days NSAID Oral IV fluids Stall rest ``` Surgical — retrieve object/ drain perireticular abscess
54
What would you see on ultrasound that could indicate TRP?
Decreased reticular motility Fibrin deposits Perireticular abscess
55
What is a type I vagus indigestion?
Uncomplicated TRP —> damages vagus nerve | Failure of contractions results in free gas bloat and ruminal distention
56
What is a type II vagus indigestion?
Failure of omasal transport preventing aboral movement of ingesta —> functional mechanical outflow disturbance Nerve damage can result form mycoticomastitis, reticular abscess, localized adhesions
57
What is type III vagus indigestion
Failure of transpyloric outflow (abomasal obstruction ) Primary obstruction — dry feed or limited water Secondary obstruction — disturbance in motility or obstruction (vagus damage from TRP or RDA)
58
What is a type IV vagus indigestion?
Late gestation indigestion During advanced pregnancy the enlarged uterus displaces abomasum which interferes with motility
59
Clinical signs of vagus indigestion?
Chronic progressive weight loss with abdominal distention | Papple shaped

RUSVM LAM II (22 decks)

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