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Animal Science > Swine > Flashcards

Swine Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

total head

A

china**, united states, brazil, spain, germany

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2
Q

total production

A

china, united states, germany, spain, brazil

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3
Q

united states head

A

iowa, minnesota, north carolina, illinois, indiana
montana ranks 23rd in US

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4
Q

industry structure

A

tons of small producers- low percent of inventory
few large producers- high percent of inventory

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5
Q

integrated swine production

A

economies of scale
control and efficiency (genetics, nutrition, environment, health, labor)
scheduled product flow
branded products
consolidated ownership

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6
Q

pigs per litter

A

litter size increases as operation size gets larger

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7
Q

considerations and concerns of industry

A

economics and cost of production
genetics- performance and meat quality
facilities-many types
ventilation- air quality
manure management
marketing
societal issues- animal welfare, operation size
biggest costs:
nutrition and feeding- amino acids
herd health management
biosecurity -disease prevention

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8
Q

terminal breeds

A

mainly for meat production, sire breeds

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9
Q

berksire

A

black breed with white points

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10
Q

chester white

A

white with down ears, ears come out from head

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11
Q

hampshire

A

distinctive belt

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12
Q

landrace

A

white with down ears, ears run parallel to head -droopy

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13
Q

yorkshire*

A

white breed with erect ears, most popular breed

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14
Q

sire breeds

A

great muscling, growth rate, carcass characteristics, dark-colored breeds
Duroc- red breed, marbling niche, calm disposition
Berkshire- black breed with lighter points, muscle quality/flavor niche, “Certified Berkshire Gold” branding- 1st breed to brand in prok industry
Hampshire- belted breed, large, heavy muscled, muscle volume niche
Spotted- fast grow rate, efficient
Poland China- “

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15
Q

maternal breeds

A

concentionrate/prolificacy, litter size, litter weight, milk production, mothering, white-colored breeds
Yorkshire- most popular in US and Canada, extrememly maternal, white breed with erect ears, has good carcass traits
Landrace- white breed with down ears, large litters
Chester White- large litters

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16
Q

young female

A

gilt
bred at 8 months
first litter at 12 months (114 day gestation, 3/3/3)

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17
Q

mature female

A

sow

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18
Q

intact male

A

boar, meat is not that good- hormones cause different flavor

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19
Q

castrated male

A

barrow

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20
Q

farrow/farrowing

A

give birth

21
Q

litter

A

8-12 siblings born at the same time
average- 10.75 pigs/litter
typical 2-2.5 litters/sow/year
typical 20-25 pigs/sow/year

22
Q

wean

A

remove from sow at 3-5 weeks (12-20lbs)

23
Q

SEW/ISOWEAN

A

segregated early wean or early wean (10-21 days)
lactation is a huge stress- stopping lactation allows sow to return to production
need really strong healthcare for piglets

24
Q

piglet

A

young typically still nursing

25
Q

pig

A

general herm, often younger animal

26
Q

hog

A

general term often for older animal ready to go to harvest

27
Q

feeder pig

A

a weaned pig between 30-50lbs

28
Q

market hogs

A

hog prepared for harvest, typically 240-270lbs, 5-6 months of age

29
Q

STAGES

A

swine testing and genetic evaluation system

30
Q

farrow to wean operations

A

produces early weaned pigs at 10-15lbs or feeder pigs at 35-50lbs

31
Q

finishing

A

feeder pigs are grown to market weight

32
Q

farrow to finish

A

a breeding herd is maintained, pigs are also finished for market on same farm
more producers turning to this- economies of scale, control, efficiency, biosecurity

33
Q

purebred or seedstock

A

similar to farrow to finish except their salable product is primarily breeding prospects of show pigs, next generation of genetics

34
Q

integrates corporate operations

A

generally farrow to finish and have their own seed stock production as well
various phases of operation are usually located at different sites

35
Q

breeding/gestation

A

hand-mating, pen mating
AI is very common
gilts bred at 8months, 250lbs
group sow housing replacing gestation stalls

36
Q

farrowing

A

heated/ventilated and clean
stall/pen to prevent sow crushing piglets
maximize health
maximize milk
nutrition critical

37
Q

important reproductive traits

A

conception rate
litter size born/weaned *
pigs weaned per sow per year
sow longevity
removed from production- dystocia, structural challenges (feet and leg issues) because housed on concrete and slatted floors, old age

38
Q

nursery starter

A

specialized buildings- heat, ventilation, space, slotted floors
specialized feeds- 2-5 in 4 weeks because of rapid growth
maximize health during stressful time

39
Q

growing/finishing

A

feeds formulated to match lean growth potential/proper amino acids
space allocation; small group size
all in, all out pig flow- growth uniformly to be marketed at same time
air quality
manure management

40
Q

important production traits

A

growth rate/uniformity
feed efficiency/feed cost
carcass composition
-%lean muscle (54%-56%)
-backfat/loin muscle area
-muscle quality (color, firmness, wetness (not PSE- pail, soft, excavative tissue))

41
Q

feeding and nutrition

A

diet compostion managed to exact standards
protein= amino acids
lysine- first limited amino acid for swine diet
energy
minerals and vitamins
watering devices water cups reduce water wastage by 30-50%

42
Q

live:carcass

A

282 lbs pig produces a 211 lbs carcass

43
Q

marketing claims

A

no gestation crates
free range
humane certified
natural
organic
no hormones added- cannot say hormone free
no antibiotics

44
Q

pork fat free lean index

A

calculated based on the 10th rib backfat, loin eye area, and carcass weight

45
Q

pork carcass breakdown

A

ham 21% -lean
loin 18% -lean
boston butt (top shoulder) 6.6% -lean
picnic shoulder (bottom shoulder) 8.8% -lean
belly 17.3%
spareribs 3.8%

46
Q

determining carcass value in pork industry

A

percent fat free lean

47
Q

measured to estimate muscle content of pork carcass

A

longissimus dorsi

48
Q

wholesale cuts from the pork carcass

A

ham, loin, belly, shoulder

49
Q

retail cut from pork shoudler

A

blade boston roast

Animal Science (13 decks)

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