Equine

Question 1

population

Answer 1

US (10.2m), china, mexico, brazil, argentina, colombia, mongolia
150,000 in MT

Question 2

earliest horse

Answer 2

sifrhippus (genus)
over 55 million years ago
about the size of a house cat

Question 3

modern horse

Answer 3

equus
reduction in the number of digits- variation from four toes on the ground
adaption and change to different food- advanced molars for grasses and hays
increase in size
increase in size and complexity of the brain

Question 4

reasons for evolution

Answer 4

changes in environment
wet, woody habitats–> grassy prairies

Question 4

stay apparatus

Answer 4

a passive, inherent, force resisting system that supports the weight of the body, enables energy efficient locomotion and allows a horse to stand and rest while little energy exertion
tendons and ligmaments

Question 5

history

Answer 5

Columbus brought horses to the West Indies in 1493, reintroduced by Cortez in 1519 and de Soto in 1539 (mexico and US), native americans spread the horse across the western plains through 1750, “wild horse” adapted and flourished through 1850, horse used for mostly draft 1890-1920, 1920-1960 horse numbers declined due to automotives and locomotives
increasing from 1980s - recreational horse

Question 6

leading states

Answer 6

texas, california, florida, oklahoma

Question 7

horses in the world

Answer 7

60 million

Question 8

gene G

Answer 8

causes horses to be gray

Question 9

gene E

Answer 9

ee: red
E_: black

Question 10

gene A (agouti)

Answer 10

determines distribution of black

Question 11

gene W

Answer 11

makes horse unable to form pigment in skin and hair, albino
WW- fatal

Question 12

gene C

Answer 12

cream dilution gene
CC- color remains same
Cc- incompletely dominant- red pigment diluted to yellow–palomino

Question 13

gene D

Answer 13

produces dun coloring

Question 14

gene CH

Answer 14

champagne gene, metalic sheen

Question 15

gene Z

Answer 15

silver gene

Question 16

gene RN

Answer 16

controls roan

Question 17

gene LP

Answer 17

controls whether or not a horse has the complex of spotting
spotting- white superimposed on another color

Question 18

gene F

Answer 18

F_: chestnut
ff: flaxen mane on chestnut

Question 19

draft horse

Answer 19

1400lbs or more
14.2-17.2
“cold blooded”
strength, patient, docile
Shire, Belgian, Percheron, Clydesdale

Question 20

clydesdale

Answer 20

draft
originated from Scotland
founded 1877
bay, brown, black, roan

Question 21

belgian

Answer 21

most popular draft breed
16.2-17hh, 2000lbs
brabant or belgian heavy draft
many colors

Question 22

arabian

Answer 22

light breed
oldest purebreed of horse
originated on arabian peninsula
no palomino, dun, or buckskin
characteristically dished face
speed, courage, endurance

Question 23

thoroughbred

Answer 23

light breed
originated in england
greatest single influence on the world horse population
high spirited and brave
original sires: Byerly Turk, Godolphin Arabian, and

Question 24

morgan

Answer 24

light breed
one common foundation sire -Justin Morgan
developed in northeast, 1894

Question 25

american saddlebred

Answer 25

light breed
exaggerated gaits

Question 26

tennessee walking horse

Answer 26

light breed
flat walk and running walk

Question 27

appaloosa

Answer 27

light breed
developed from spanish horses by Nez Perce tribe mid 1700

Question 28

american quarter horse

Answer 28

light
most versatile breed
largest breed registry 3.1m worldwide
AQHA 1940
Wimpy P1 was first AQHA registered quarter horse

Question 29

ponies

Answer 29

less than 14.2hh
shetland, welsh, dartmoor
can be draft, heavy harness, or saddle type

Question 30

birthdates

Answer 30

northern hemisphere: january 1
southern hemisphere: august 1

Question 31

why mules and hinny are sterile

Answer 31

horses and donkeys have different chromosomes

Question 32

mule

Answer 32

jack x mare

Question 33

hinny

Answer 33

stallion x jenny

Question 34

mare

Answer 34

sexual maturity 18 months
average gestation length 334 days (11 months)
can become pregnant 1-2 weeks after foaling
seasonally polyestrous, stop cycling in winter

Question 35

stallion

Answer 35

colts reach sexual maturity at 12-18 months
fertile year round but decreased sperm production september-february

Question 36

seasonal polyestrous

Answer 36

long day breeders
melatonin on pineal gland (affected by light)
roughly april/may until september/october
signs of estrous: winking of the vulva, urination, squatting, seeking the stallion

Question 37

horse digestion

Answer 37

complex hindgut (cecum), require high-quality forage, unable to use microbial cell protein, good fat digestion, methane production is minimal

Question 38

incisors

Answer 38

selection and prehension

Question 39

molars

Answer 39

chewing and grinding; particle size reduction

Question 40

hipsadonic teeth

Answer 40

continuously growing teeth

Question 41

equine jaw

Answer 41

upper jaw is wider than the lower jaw
elliptical chewing pattern
-molars wear irregularly and can become sharp
-teeth must be periodically floated

Question 42

colic

Answer 42

characterized by severe abdominal pains
symptoms:
loss of appetite, grinding teeth, stretching posture, flank watching, uneasiness and rolling, sweating, increased heart rate (>60bpm), increased respiration rate
physiology:
intestinal distention (gas or ingeseta)
stretching of mesenteric support
inflammation of intestine
causes:
intestinal spasm- rapid diet change, endotoxins, obesity
constipation- inadequate forage, dehydration, ingestion of sand or soil

Question 43

laminitis

Answer 43

inflammation of hood laminae resulting in tissue damage
symptoms:
lameness, abnormal hoof growth, irregular gait
physiology:
chronic laminitis leads to founder, sensitive and insensitive laminae of the hoof wall separate, the bond between the sensitive and insensitive laminae fails, the attachment of the coffin bone to the hoof breaks down
causes:
over-consumption of grain or lush pasture, excessive intake of cold water by over-heated horses, obesity

Question 44

recurrent airway obstruction (heaves)

Answer 44

similar to asthma in humans, lung aveoli become fibrous and eventually rupture
symptoms:
shortness of breath, increased respiration rate, chronic coughing, presence of a heave line on the flank due to exertion of abdominal muscles, nasal discharge
physiology:
irritants in the trachea and lungs causes hyper-secretion of mucous and thickening of the airways, lung alveoli become scarred and brittle, increasing the chance of rupture
causes:
allergic reactions to fungal spores in feed, bedding, and the environment, dusty or moldy hay, dusty environments

Question 45

forages

Answer 45

daily forage consumption should be between 1-2% of body weight (DM basis)

Question 46

grain

Answer 46

must be stored properly to prevent mold, do not feed in excess of 0.75% of body weight at a single feeding, feed at the same time each day, avoid abrupt changes in the grain ration

Question 47

basic feeding requirements

Answer 47

NRC
maximize forage- pasture and hay
feed concentrate to make-up difference between nutrients needed and nutrients in roughage

Question 48

weight and body condition

Answer 48

maintenance requires an intake of 2-3% BW
body condition refers to the amount of fat on a horse’s body
fat is energy storage and is produced when the horse is digesting more energy than is needed for maintenance and production

Question 49

body weight measurements

Answer 49

simplest and most accurate method:
weight scale, weight can fluctuate-time of day weighed, feeding interval, defecation
weight tapes:
variables-conformation and proportion

Question 50

body condition

Answer 50

1. poor
2. very thin
3. thin
4. moderately thin
5. moderate
6. moderate to fleshy
7. fleshy
8. fat
9. extremely fat