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Animal Science > Animal Reproduction > Flashcards

Animal Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

reproductive cyclicity

A

provides females with repeated opportunities to become pregnant

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2
Q

estrous cycle

A

physiological events that occur between periods of sexual receptivity (heat) and/or ovulations
the full cycle

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3
Q

estrus

A

period of sexual receptivity

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4
Q

anestrus

A

condition when females do not exhibit regular estrous cycle

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5
Q

polyestrous

A

uniform distribution of estrous cycles occurring regularly throughout the year (cow, sow)

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6
Q

seasonal polyestrous

A

“periods” of estrous cycles occurring only during certain seasons of the year (sheep, goats, deer, mare)

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7
Q

monoestrous

A

only one cycle per year, often lasting several days (dogs, wolves, fox, bear)

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8
Q

estrogen

A

Source— ovarian follicle and the placenta
Targets— uterus, hypothalamus, mammary tissue
Functions—mating behavior, uterine growth, secondary sex characteristics(why females look like females promotes GnRH —gonadotropin releasing hormone)

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9
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Source— anterior pituitary
Targets— ovary (luteal cells in females), testis (interstitial cells in males)
Functions—ovulation, corpus luteum formation, progesterone production, testosterone production

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10
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

source: anterior pituitary
targets: ovary (grandulosa cells) and testis (sertoli cells)
functions: follicular development, estrogen synthesis, sperm production

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11
Q

progesterone

A

source: corpus luteum (CL) and placenta
targets: uterus, mammary tissue, hypothalamus
functions: inhibits GnRH release, maintenance of pregnancy, mammary development
pregnancy hormone; pro gestation

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12
Q

testosterone

A

source: interstitial cells of testis
target: skeletal muscle, male reproductive tract
functions: anabolic growth, sperm production, secondary sex characteristics

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13
Q

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

source: hypothalamus
target: anterior pituitary
functions: release LH and FSH

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14
Q

gestation

A

the period of fetal development, beginning wth fertilization and ending with parturition
fertilization takes place in the oviduct
the zygote migrates to the uterus
membranes form and attachment takes place between 20 and 30 days in cattle and horses, 14-21 in swine

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15
Q

cleavage

A

fertilization through zona pellucida (the thick transparent membrane surrounding a mammalian ovum before implantation) disintegration

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16
Q

differentiation

A

placentation

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17
Q

growth

A

shifts to fetus from embryo, ends in parturition

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18
Q

cow gestation length

A

285 days; 9 months

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19
Q

ewe gestation length

A

147 days; 5 months

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20
Q

mare gestation length

A

336 days; 11 months

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21
Q

sow gestation length

A

114 days; 3 months 3 weeks 3 days

22
Q

stages of parturition

A

stage 1: preparatory stage involving cervical dilation and positioning of the fetus in the birth canal via myometrial contractions
stage 2: time of hard labor and expulsion of fetus
stage 3: expulsion of the placental membranes and subsequent uterine involution

23
Q

initiation of parturition

A

initiated by the hormone cortisol released from the fetus; fetus under stress

24
Q

dystocia

A

difficult birth, major cause of calf loss

25
Q

relative dystocia

A

normal sized calf and small birth canal, often first time moms

26
Q

absolute dystocia

A

abnormally large calf and a normal sized birth canal, most common cause of dystocia is from an oversized calf

27
Q

hiplock

A

shoulders of the calf “lock” onto the bones of the pelvis during delivery, results in the calf getting stuck in the birth canal

28
Q

artificial insemenation

A

advantages: genetic improvement through increased use of superior sires, disease control, improved record keeping, eliminates need for keeping bull
disadvantages: time required to detect estrus, percent of cows in estrus during the breeding, trained personnel required, overuse of inferior sires

29
Q

artificial vagina

A

sire ejaculates into a man-made apparatus that mimics the feel of breeding a female by natural service
mimics by: temperature, pressure, lubrication, and position/angle

30
Q

electroejaculation

A

an electrical probe is inserted into the rectum to stimulate ejaculation via slight electrical stimulus to the accessory sex glands

31
Q

semen evaluation

A

after it is evaluated for volume, sperm concentration (hemacytometer or spectrophotometer), motility of sperm, morphology of sperm (abnormalities)

32
Q

estrus detection

A

visual inspection: 30 minutes in the morning and evening, standing to be mounted (lordosis), mounting of other cows, swollen vulva, mucus
other tools: teaser animals, marker aids, heatwatch estrus detection system

33
Q

rectocervical AI

A

manipulation of the cervix over the insemenation gun via the rectum (cows)
if cow is in heat in the morning, breed her in the evening

34
Q

speculum

A

tube-like instrument that spans the vulva and posterior vagina allowing visual inspection of the cervix (deer and goats)

35
Q

laparascopy

A

surgical introduction of semen directly into the uterine horns (sheep)

36
Q

cervical

A

introduction of spirette with a counter clockwise rotation into the cervix
gilts- inseminate 12 hours after detection of estrus
sows- inseminate 24 hours after detection of estrus

37
Q

vaginocervical

A

introduction of the insemenation gun into the cervix via the vagina (equine)
insemenation time is based on presence of a 35mm follicle, open cervix, and detection of estrus

38
Q

dairy cattle AI

A

80-90% of the cows are bred artificially
21.2 million units of dairy semen sold domestically

39
Q

beef cattle AI

A

about 13% of beef cows are inseminated, semen from angus and simmental bulls is most extensively, 1.3 million units of beef semen sold domestically

40
Q

swine AI

A

about 80% of all pigs born in US are conceived via AI

41
Q

horse AI

A

limited due to the rules of some breed associations, challenges associated with freezing equine semen

42
Q

sheep and goat AI

A

limited because herds and flocks are dispersed over wide areas, cost per unit semen is high

43
Q

estrous synchronization

A

a management technique that makes use of hormones to control or reschedule the estrous cycle: LH, FSH, Progesterone, Estrogen, Prostaglandin
advantages: decrease labor involved with heat detection, makes AI possible for extensive operations, may be economically advantages, may promote earlier conception, critical to embryo transfer programs

44
Q

synchronization products

A

GnRH
PGF2a (prostaglandin-gets rid of CL/progesterone)
MGA (melengestrol acetate-progesterone, feed compund that keeps them out of heat until prostaglandin injection)
EAZI-BREED CIDR (progesterone based, similar to IUD?)

45
Q

purpose of embryo transfer

A

increase productivity of genetically superior donors
maximize use of valuable semen
transport genetics across long distances
production of identical offspring by embryo splitting

46
Q

embryo transfer

A
  1. synchronization of recipients with donor
  2. superovulation of donor female–produces many follicles
    3.inseminate donor with semen from genetically superior bull
  3. recovery and identification of viable embryos
  4. transfer of viable embryos into synchronized recipients
47
Q

reproductive technologies

A

In vitro fertilization
nuclear transfer cloning
intra cytoplasmic sperm injection
gamete intrafollopian transfer
semen sexing
embryo sexing
preimplantation genetic diagnosis

48
Q

in vitro fertilization

A

in vitro=in glass, in dish
involves placing sperm and matured oocyte together in a dish
keep embryo in vitro for up to 7 days- in vitro culture (IVC)

49
Q

sperm sexing

A

works only because of the 3.5% difference in DNA quantity of X or Y bearing sperm
lasers are able to detect this 3.5% difference
selection method is called flow cytometry
some decrease in conception rates

49
Q

sperm sexing

A

works only because of the 3.5% difference in DNA quantity of X or Y bearing sperm
lasers are able to detect this 3.5% difference
selection method is called flow cytometry
some decrease in conception rates

Animal Science (13 decks)

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