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Animal Science > Beef Cattle > Flashcards

Beef Cattle Flashcards

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1
Q

seedstock producers

A

show cattle, 80 breeds, ~100,000

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2
Q

commercial cow/calf producers

A

~900,000 producers to raise ~34million calves for market, produce calves destined for other industry segments

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3
Q

states with most beef cows

A

texas, oklahoma, missouri, nebraska, south dakota, kansas, montana

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4
Q

factors that influence the cow calf industry

A

climate, feed resources, terrain

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5
Q

production vs inventory

A

increased carcass weight, feedlot turnover rate, genetics for growth and muscling because of continental breeds, selection for growth traits, and technologies

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6
Q

stocker/yearling operators

A

add weight to weaned calves before finishing at feedlot
60% in plain states

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7
Q

feedlots

A

feed from weaning/stocker to harvest weight/condition, confined feeding operation, high grain ration for 90-150 days
~82000 feedlots
*feedlots with 1000> head= 2.6% of total feedlots but market 85% of cattle fed

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8
Q

packers

A

harvest cattle, fabricate into primals/subprimals (round, loin, rub, chuck, ribeye, tenderloin

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9
Q

retailers

A

8.57 billion pounds of beed purchased by foodservice in 2019, ground beef 63% of volume, steak 42% of $spent

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10
Q

consumers

A

330 million in US, changing demographics, 7.85 billion worldwide

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11
Q

montana beef industry

A

1/1/22 #s:
total cow numbers: 2200000
beef cow numbers: 1299000
cattle/calves on grain feed: 43000

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12
Q

global view of cattle industry

A

cattle population: india, brazil, china, US, EU
beef production: US, brazil, EU, china, india

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13
Q

bos taurus

A

british, continental, cooler climates
british: maternal traits, smaller mature frame size compared to continental

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14
Q

bos indicus

A

india, warmer climates, zebu: humped back, large dewlap, long horns, hardy, longevity, athletic

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15
Q

black angus

A

british breed-scotland, black or red coats, one of the most populat breeds in the US, smaller frame, early maturing, easy marbling, dark color for no sunburn, certified angus beef

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16
Q

red angus

A

red and black were original colors, breed registry developed in 1950s, similar traits as black angus

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17
Q

hereford

A

polled or horned, red with white markings, natural aptitude to grow and gain from grass and grain, rusting ability, hardiness, early maturity and prolificacy, certified hereford beef

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18
Q

shorthorn

A

developed in northern england, originally a dual purpose breed, known for high milking ability, small early maturing, horned and polled, red and white, roan

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19
Q

continental breeds

A

mature at larger frame size, terminally oriented, more lean product–> yield grade

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20
Q

charolais

A

originates from france, has been extensively used in crossbreeding programs, known for their ability to walk, graze aggressively in warm weather, withstand reasonable cold, and raise heavy calves
bulls have developed a well-earned reputation to increase ruggedness of animals

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21
Q

chianiana

A

developed in italy, first brought as semen to US, very large with bulls weight up to 4000lbs, white in color with dark pigment on nose and around eyes, used extensively in crossbreeding programs to increase frame size

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22
Q

limousin

A

ancient breed that developed in france, originally tan to brown now have black color, muscling, sturdiness, and adaptability, used mostly in crossbreeding programs

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23
Q

gelbvieh

A

originated in southern germany, originally selected for meat, milk, and work, red in color with good skin pigmentation, known for fertility, calving ease, mothering ability, and growth rate of calves

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24
Q

maine-anjou

A

from france, dual purpose breed, introduced to US through AI, very large mature size, well muscled

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25
Q

simmental

A

from switzerland, red and white, highly sought after due to rapid growth development, often used in crossbreeding programs to increase size and muscling

26
Q

brahman

A

bos indicus
developed in southwestern US fro Zebu cattle, range from light gray to almost black in color, distinctive hump on the shoulders and large drooping ears, highly heat, disease, and insect resistant
limited in maternal characteristics and meat production

27
Q

santa gertrudis

A

developed at the king ranch in texas, 5/8 Shorthorn and 3/8 brahman, deep cherry red color, highly heat and tick resistant, their characteristics include calving ease, good mothering ability and abundant milk supply, little evidence of hump and good meat quality

28
Q

murray grey

A

from australia, hardy breed, good in a variety of climates, standard gray color reflects heat, but dark skin pigmentation prevents sunburn`

28
Q

brangus

A

developed at experimental station in LA, 3/8 brahman and 5/8 angus, known for hardiness, solid black and polled

29
Q

wagyu

A

all japanese cattle, most influenced by british and continental breeds, known for marbling-high meat quality

30
Q

piedmontese and belgian blue

A

double muscled, more hyperplasia muscle growth (more muscle fibers)

31
Q

belted galloway

A

belted-set apart by distinctive color pattern

32
Q

scottish highlander

A

years of survival of the fittest have adapted this breed to harsh conditions, oldest registered breed of cattle, hardy and require limited forage, disease resistant

33
Q

ankole watusi and texas longhorn

A

longhorn- most foundational and fitted to US landscape

34
Q

miniature hereford and dexter

A

miniature cattle

35
Q

free martin

A

sterile female born as twin to male

36
Q

gestation

A

284 days

37
Q

birth to weaning

A

205 days

38
Q

backgrounding

A

90-240 days

39
Q

feedlot

A

100-180 days

40
Q

harvest

A

13-21 months

41
Q

compared to other meat industries

A

broilers 8-10 weeks from conception to slaughter
swine 8-12 weeks from conception to slaughter

42
Q

profit or loss

A

[(%calf crop x weaning weight) x price]-expenses

43
Q

gomer bull or spotter bull

A

sterile bulls used to detect estrus

44
Q

electro-ejaculation

A

electrical stimulation of nerves in male reproductive tract to cause ejaculation

45
Q

estrus syncronization

A

practice of using hormones to have multiple cows come into estrus at the same time

46
Q

reproductive goals

A

shorter calving interval, 12 months
100% calf crop (every cow has a calf)
replacement heifers calve at 2 years of age

47
Q

cattle are polyestrous

A

can have calves any time of the year
estrous cycle 19-21 days
length of estrus (heat) 13-17 hours
gestation 280-283 days

48
Q

optimal bull to cow ratio

A

Montana range operations 1:20 to 1:25
More range conditions- 1:10
More pasture conditions- 1:75

49
Q

optimal bull age

A

depends on breeding pressures and structural status
2-4yrs

50
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone
triggers ovary to begin producing follicles

51
Q

PGF2alpha

A

prostaglandin F2a
gets rid of the CL (which produces progesterone-keeps female out of heat)

52
Q

MGA- melengesterol acetate

A

feed compound that keeps things out of heat (increases progesterone)

53
Q

EAZI-BREED CIDR

A

controlled internal drug release
keeps female out of heat until you pull it, followed by a shot of prostaglandin to bring back into heat

54
Q

condition

A

fat cover on breeding animals

55
Q

backgrounding

A

time between weaning and going into feedlot

56
Q

creep feeding

A

practices providing feed to young animals

57
Q

implant

A

hormones inserted into the ear to improve growth and feed efficiency, release estrogen or testosterone

58
Q

CAFO

A

confined animal feeding operation

59
Q

cow-calf producers

A

1.2 million cow calf operation
80% have fewer than 50 cows

60
Q

feedlot programs

A

calf arrival
-feed grass hay ab libidum (all you can eat)
-no excess hay left in feed bunk
calf processing
-tag cattle
-vaccinate with 4-way viral

61
Q

the step up approach

A

concentrates incrementally replace roughages in the diet over a period of 2 to 3 weeks

Animal Science (13 decks)

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