Final Exam Flashcards
domestication of livestock species
Source of Food
Source of Power
Protection and rodent control
first domesticated species
dog
transcription
The process of reading DNA to make complementary RNA
translation
the process of using the information from mRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins
phenotype
the physical expression of the genotype, interaction between genotype and the environment
genotype
the actual genetic makeup of the animal
genome
All genetic information of an animal
genes
contain alleles
chromosomes
large molecules containing the genes of living things
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
homozygous
Animals with the same alleles at a given location on a chromosome
heterozygous
Animals with different alleles at a given location on a chromosome
dominant
one member of a gene pair is expressed in exclusion to the other
incomplete dominance
occurs when there is no dominant allele and both are expressed as an intermediate when individual is heterozygous
epistasis
the interaction of two or more genes at different locations
recessive
the member of a gene pair that is only expressed when the dominant allele is absent from the genome
mitosis
Two equal daughter cells
meiosis
The process of division that cells go through to form sperm or ovum
inbreeding
Increases the homozygosity in the herd
Mates closely related individuals
Can result in a depression in production
Increases the likelihood of expressing recessive genes
outcrossing
crossbreeding
Results in increased heterosis
heterosis/ hybrid vigor
hyperplasia
increase in the number of cells
hypertrophy
an increase in cell size
order of fat deposition
animal growth curve
female reproductive tract
ovary, oviduct/fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, vagina
male reproductive tract
scrotum, testes, epididymis, accessory sex glands, penis
polyestrous
uniform distribution of estrous cycles occurring regularly throughout the year
cow, sow
seasonal polyestrous
Animals that have each estrous cycle followed immediately by another during one part of the year
monoestrous
only having one cycle per year, often lasting multiple days
bear, dog, wolf, fox
anestrous
condition where females do not exhibit regular estrous cycles
estrus
period of sexual receptivity
estrous
physiological events that occur between period of sexual receptivity (heat) and/or ovulations
corpus ludeum (CL)
secretes progesterone
progesterone production
secreted by the CL and by the placenta
maintenance of pregnancy, mammary development
inhibits GnRH release (via hypothalamus)
estrous cycle lengths between species
cow: 19-23 days
ewe: 14-19 days
mare: 10-37 days
sow: 19-23 days
gestation lengths between species
sheep: 147 days
horses: 344 days
cow: 285 days
sow: 117 days
stages of parturition
stage 1: preparatory stage involving cervical dilation and positioning of the fetus in the birth canal via myometrial contractions
stage 2: time of hard labor and expulsion of the fetus
stage 3: expulsion of the placental membranes and subsequent uterine involution
dystocia
difficult birth
cryptorchid
retention of one or both testicles in the body cavity
artificial insemination
disadvantages: Time required to detect estrus, trained personnel required, potential overuse of inferior sires
advantages: disease control
nutrients
water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and vitamins
nutrients
water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and vitamins
concentrate versus roughage
roughage: high in fiber, low in digestible nutrients and low in energy
concentrate:
proximate analysis
Van Soest Fiber Analysis
NDF versus ADF
NDF: negatively correlates to feed intake
selection
prehension
The process of getting food into the mouth
mastication
deglutition
digestions
absorption
