Final Exam Flashcards
domestication of livestock species
Source of Food
Source of Power
Protection and rodent control
first domesticated species
dog
transcription
The process of reading DNA to make complementary RNA
translation
the process of using the information from mRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins
phenotype
the physical expression of the genotype, interaction between genotype and the environment
genotype
the actual genetic makeup of the animal
genome
All genetic information of an animal
genes
contain alleles
chromosomes
large molecules containing the genes of living things
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
homozygous
Animals with the same alleles at a given location on a chromosome
heterozygous
Animals with different alleles at a given location on a chromosome
dominant
one member of a gene pair is expressed in exclusion to the other
incomplete dominance
occurs when there is no dominant allele and both are expressed as an intermediate when individual is heterozygous
epistasis
the interaction of two or more genes at different locations
recessive
the member of a gene pair that is only expressed when the dominant allele is absent from the genome
mitosis
Two equal daughter cells
meiosis
The process of division that cells go through to form sperm or ovum
inbreeding
Increases the homozygosity in the herd
Mates closely related individuals
Can result in a depression in production
Increases the likelihood of expressing recessive genes
outcrossing
crossbreeding
Results in increased heterosis
heterosis/ hybrid vigor
hyperplasia
increase in the number of cells
hypertrophy
an increase in cell size
order of fat deposition
animal growth curve
female reproductive tract
ovary, oviduct/fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, vagina
male reproductive tract
scrotum, testes, epididymis, accessory sex glands, penis
polyestrous
uniform distribution of estrous cycles occurring regularly throughout the year
cow, sow
seasonal polyestrous
Animals that have each estrous cycle followed immediately by another during one part of the year
monoestrous
only having one cycle per year, often lasting multiple days
bear, dog, wolf, fox
anestrous
condition where females do not exhibit regular estrous cycles
estrus
period of sexual receptivity
estrous
physiological events that occur between period of sexual receptivity (heat) and/or ovulations
corpus ludeum (CL)
secretes progesterone
progesterone production
secreted by the CL and by the placenta
maintenance of pregnancy, mammary development
inhibits GnRH release (via hypothalamus)
estrous cycle lengths between species
cow: 19-23 days
ewe: 14-19 days
mare: 10-37 days
sow: 19-23 days
gestation lengths between species
sheep: 147 days
horses: 344 days
cow: 285 days
sow: 117 days
stages of parturition
stage 1: preparatory stage involving cervical dilation and positioning of the fetus in the birth canal via myometrial contractions
stage 2: time of hard labor and expulsion of the fetus
stage 3: expulsion of the placental membranes and subsequent uterine involution
dystocia
difficult birth
cryptorchid
retention of one or both testicles in the body cavity
artificial insemination
disadvantages: Time required to detect estrus, trained personnel required, potential overuse of inferior sires
advantages: disease control
nutrients
water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and vitamins
nutrients
water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and vitamins
concentrate versus roughage
roughage: high in fiber, low in digestible nutrients and low in energy
concentrate:
proximate analysis
Van Soest Fiber Analysis
NDF versus ADF
NDF: negatively correlates to feed intake
selection
prehension
The process of getting food into the mouth
mastication
deglutition
digestions
absorption
circulation
metabolism
excretion
monogastric
monogastric hindgut fermenters
ruminant digestion
bloat
hardware disease
microbial populations
noninfectious disease
infectious disease
parasites
active immunity
passive immunity
genetic diseases
sheep- spider gene
cattle- curly calf syndrome
swine-
horses- HyPP
areas of study in animal behavior
biological rhythms and sleep
sexual behavior
maternal behavior
ingestive behavior
flight zones
dairy industry worldwide
US dairy industry
dairy cattle breeds
dairy terminology
requirements for dry vs lactating cows
requirements for calves
requirements for steers in feedlot
nutrient qualities of milk
classifications of milk products
dominant poultry breeds in US
poultry industry integration
poultry terminology
egg production systems
nutritive value of the egg
egg grading
sheep and goats in US and worldwide agriculture
understand the reasoning for the size of the sheep and goat industry
grazing preferences of sheep and goats
stocking rate
predator control
sheep breeds-meat
sheep breeds-wool
goat breeds-meat
goat breeds-fiber
goat breeds-dairy
range production
farm-flock production
lamb grading
lamb retail cuts
worldwide swine industry
US swine industry
vertical integration of swine industry
swine breeds-sire
swine breeds- maternal
swine terminology
farrow to wean
purebred
farrow to finish
pork grading
carcass breakdown
retail cuts of pork
evolution of the horse
earliest known ancestor of the modern horse: Sifrhippus
gender monikers
horse age and age monikers
horse classification, types, breeds
Draft, Light, Pony
draft:
light:
pony:
equine reproduction
equine nutrition
equine body condition scoring
worldwide beef cattle
US beef cattle
seedstock producers
commercial cow calf producers
stocker/yearling operators
feedlot
packers
retailers
consumers
how does the beef industry structure differ from the poultry and swine industries?
the beef industry has greater genetic diversity, is more dispersed throughout the country, and is not so integrated-specialized corporations
poultry- concentrated in SE, very low hybrid vigor, vertically integrated
bos taurus
british
continental
bos indicus
